Chapter 3 - Health behaviors

What is the general limitation of health behavior change models?

They only emphasize conscious deliberative processes for practicing health behaviors.

What does not include the component of self-efficacy?

The health belief model

Interviewers adopt a(n) _____ style of communication during motivational interviewing.

nonjudgmental

The belief that one can control one's practice of a particular behavior is called

self efficacy

A theory that guides health behavior modification and builds on the idea that people are actively motivated to pursue their goals is known as the

self-determination theory

Threatening messages that are designed to change health behavior can result in _____, leading people to respond defensively, distorting risks to their health.

psychological distress

In middle school, students are first exposed to habits like smoking and drug use among their peers during a period that is called a(n)

window of vulnerability

Negative self punishment involves?

withdrawing a positive reinforcer in the environment each time an undesirable behavior is performed.

Attitude change techniques assume that behavior changes are guided by _____ motivation.

conscious

A condition that is capable of eliciting the target behavior is called a(n)

discriminative stimulus

According to Cohen et al. _____ is an important stage during school education to learn several health-related habits.

middle school

Health habits in individuals stabilize around the age of _____.

11

Identify the characteristic features of unhealthy behaviors that can be triggered by emotions

Addictive Automatic

During which stage of an individual's life do health habits develop?

Childhood

Identify the stage in an individual's life when health habits are good.

Childhood

What is the focus of health promotion efforts among older adults?

Controlling alcohol consumption Maintenance of a healthy, balanced diet

What are the physiological effects of deep breathing used in relaxation training?

Decreased heart rate Increased oxygenation of blood

Identify the beneficial effects as a result of successful modification of health behavior

Delay in death leading to increase in life expectancy Decrease in annual costs on health and illness

Identify a problem that compromises health habits among older adults.

Depression

Why are health habits relatively independent of each other and unstable?

Different factors may control the same health behavior for different people. Different health habits are controlled by different factors.

A philosophy that has at its core the idea that good health, or wellness, is a personal and collective achievement ?

Health promotion

Identify the true statement about self-monitoring.

It assesses the frequency of a target behavior and the antecedents and consequences of that behavior.

What is the result of focusing on at-risk people?

It can help identify other factors that may increase risk of the disease.

Identify the features of a theoretical model that emphasizes implementation intentions.

It can help one delegate the control of goal-directed responses to situational cues, which may then elicit automatic behavior. It underscores the importance of planning exactly how, when, and where to implement a health behavior.

Subjective norms regarding an action

It refers to normative beliefs and the motivation to comply with those normative beliefs.

Perceived behavioral control

It refers to the belief that one can perform an action and that the action will have the intended effect.

Attitudes toward a specific action

It refers to the likely outcomes of an action and evaluations of those outcomes.

Identify the factors that promote better health habits

Low levels of stress High social support

preventable disorders' development that involve behavioral factors?

Lung cancer Cardiovascular disease

Identify the characteristics that make educational appeals persuasive

Messages should be short, clear, and direct. Communications should be colorful and vivid.

Identify the characteristic features that enable people to practice better health habits than others

More affluent Young age Better education

What are the main causes for nearly half the deaths in the United States?

Obesity Problem drinking Smoking

In the context of Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, identify the components of behavioral intentions.

Perceived behavioral control Attitudes toward a specific action Subjective norms regarding an action

What are the important components targeted by the self-determination theory?

Perceived competence Autonomous motivation

Identify the brain areas involved in reflecting behavioral intentions at an implicit level that is not consciously accessible.

Posterior cingulate cortex Medial prefrontal cortex

According to Kahana et. al., which of the following health promotion methods has particularly strong health benefits among the very old?

Regular exercise

Identify the true statements about behavioral assignments?

Responsibility for behavior change is gradually shifted to the client. The client produces an analysis of the behavior that is useful in planning further interventions.

Identify the true statements about cognitive-behavioral therapy interventions

Several complementary methods are used to intervene in the modification of a target problem and its context. It can be implemented individually, through group therapy or the Internet.

Identify an example which indicates that factors controlling a health behavior may change over the history of the behavior.

Smoking that is initiated in adolescence due to social factors is maintained in adulthood to reduce stress

Identify the factor that can have a beneficial as well as an adverse effect on people's health habits.

Social influence

How do people react when they test positive for a risk factor of a specific disease?

They can become defensive. They may not monitor their condition. They may not use appropriate services.

health promotion objectives of a Community and national policy makers

To emphasize good health and provide information and resources to help change poor health habits

What is the first step in self-monitoring?

To learn to discriminate the target behavior

What are the general strategies of primary prevention?

To restrain people from developing poor health habits To help people alter their problematic health behaviors through interventions

health promotion objectives of a Medical practitioner

To teach people how to achieve a healthy lifestyle and help people at risk for particular health problems offset or monitor those risks

Identify the factors that influence health-related behavior in people

Workplace companions Family

Creating new discriminative stimuli in stimulus-control interventions signals that _____.

a new response will be reinforced

Health behavior interventions during _____ are important because precautions taken during such a period can affect disease risk after the age of 45

adolescence

Health habits typically deteriorate in _____ and improve again in _____.

adolescence; older people

A type of training that helps people deal more effectively with social anxiety is _____.

assertiveness training

A theoretical model that emphasizes implementation intentions integrates conscious processing with _____ behavioral enactment.

automatic

In the context of message framing to promote health behaviors, people who have a(n) _____ orientation that emphasizes minimizing risks are more influenced by messages that stress the risks of not performing a health behavior.

avoidance

According to the theory of planned behavior, a health behavior is the direct result of a _____ intention.

behavioral

Home practice activities that support the goals of a therapeutic intervention to increase client involvement are called

behavioral assignments

In the context of learning self control of behavior, cognitive-behavioral therapy focuses heavily on _____.

beliefs that people hold about their health habits

In childhood, regular exercise is practiced because it is built into the school curriculum. In adulthood, this behavior must be practiced intentionally. This is an example of a health behavior change caused by factors that

change across a person's lifetime

The second stage in self-monitoring is?

charting the target behavior

Health habits practiced by a teenager or college student may determine the type of _____ disease he or she develops later in adulthood.

chronic

The practice of good health behaviors among people is associated with _____.

cognitive factors

The process that trains people to recognize and modify internal monologues to promote health behavior change is called

cognitive restructuring

The most effective approach to health habit modification that focuses on the target behavior, the conditions that elicit and maintain it, and the factors that reinforce it is called _____.

cognitive-behavior therapy

A form of self punishment in which an individual forms a contract with another person, such as a therapist or one's spouse, detailing what rewards or punishments are contingent on the performance or nonperformance of a behavior is called?

contingency contracting

Persuasive messages that elicit too much _____ may actually undermine health behavior change.

fear

What approach assumes that if people are afraid that a particular habit is hurting their health, they will change their behavior to reduce their fear.

fear appeals

In the context of framing health messages for changing health habits, messages that emphasize the benefits of good health practices are more persuasive for health behaviors that _____.

have certain outcomes

Educational appeals make the assumption that people will change their health habits if they _____.

have good information about their habits

In the context of framing health messages for changing health habits, messages that emphasize problems seem to work better for health behaviors that _____.

have uncertain outcomes

Behaviors undertaken by people to enhance or maintain their health are called ?

health behaviors

According to the ? a person practices a health behavior based on two factors: whether the person perceives a personal health threat, and whether the person believes that a particular health practice will be effective in reducing that threat.

health belief model

An early influential attitude theory of why people practice health behaviors is the _____.

health belief model

A health behavior that is firmly established and often performed automatically without awareness is called a

health habit

What scale measures the degree to which people perceive their health to be under personal control, control by the health practitioner, or chance

health locus of control

Flu increases the risk of _____ among older adults.

heart disease

People who test positive for a risk factor of a disease show _____.

hypervigilant behavior

The most important benefit of successful modification of health behaviors is a(n)

increase in the number of years that a person may enjoy life free from the complications of chronic disease

Vaccinations against _____ is particularly important among older adults.

influenza

A technique that helps the long-term maintenance of a behavior change that can be promoted by leading the person to make other health-oriented lifestyle changes is called ?

lifestyle rebalancing

Persuasive

messages used for successful health behavior change may be reflected in patterns of brain activation

Health habits are especially influenced by _____ as both teachers and role models.

parents

Depression among older adults can lead to an accelerated _____.

physical decline

The benefit of targeting at-risk people is that it can _____.

prevent occurrence of the disease altogether

Research on _____ risk factors adopts the perspective of health promotion.

preventable

what involves the task of instilling good health habits and changing poor ones

primary prevention

In the context of message framing to promote health behaviors, people who have a(n) _____ orientation that emphasizes maximizing opportunities are more influenced by messages phrased in terms of benefits.

promotion

What is a stress reduction technique that involves deep breathing and progressive muscle relaxation.

relaxation training

Negative self-reward involves _____ after successful modification of the target behavior.

removing an aversive factor in the environment

Cognitive-behavior therapy emphasizes ? which requires clients to actively monitor their own behaviors and apply the techniques of cognitive-behavioral therapy to bring about some change

self control

The rationale of ? is that a person must understand the dimensions of the poor health habit before the change can begin

self-monitoring

The rationale of ? is that a person must understand the dimensions of the poor health habit before the change can begin.

self-monitoring

Systematically rewarding oneself to increase or decrease the occurrence of a target behavior is called

self-reinforcement

The discriminative stimulus is important because it _____.

signals that a positive reinforcement will subsequently occur

Some poor health habits, such as drinking and overeating, can develop among people in response to _____.

social anxiety

Positive self punishment involves?

the administration of an unpleasant stimulus to punish an undesirable behavior

Health habits are strongly affected by early _____.

socialization

What involve ridding the environment of discriminative stimuli that evoke the problem behavior, and creating new discriminative stimuli.

stimulus control interventions

Pregnancy is a ?

teachable moment for stopping smoking and improving diet

The times that are better than others for modifying health practices are called ?

teachable moments

People who perceive their health to be _____ practice better health habits than others.

under personal control

For a health psychologist, health promotion involves

the development of interventions to help people practice healthy behaviors

A theory that attempts to link health beliefs directly to behavior is called the

theory of planned behavior