CHAPTER 3: physical development

telegraphic speech

"I show book" instead of "I showed you the book"

holophrases

ne-word utterances that stand for a whole phrase, whose meaning depends on the particular context in which they are used. An infant may use the word "ma" to say "pick me up"

storage

placement of material in memory

overextension

words are used too broadly, overgeneralizing their meaning. For example, when Sarah refers to buses, trucks, and tractors as "cars" she is guilty of overextension, making the assumption that any object with wheels must be a car

24M

jumping in place

hierarchical integration

Simple skills develop separately independently and integrated into complicated ones, o Fingers movements are learned before grasping Knowing how to control each finger is different from grasping, but its integrated ino grasping

plasticity

Size of individual's neurons, as well as their connections changes according to environmental influences

pivot schemas

"apple gone" "mama gone" generally follows canocial order, but do not have syntax

tertiary circular reactions

- 12-18 months -Deliberate variation of actions that produce desired consequences rather than just repeating activities. Infants begin to carry out miniature experiments to observe the consequences.

beginning of thought

- 18-24 months - Piaget argued that only at this stage can imagine where objects are when they are not seen -Mental representation of a past event or an object. They can even lot in their heads unseen trajectories of objects they can figure out where something is going to come out the other side

coordination of circular reactions

- 8-12 months -infants begin to use more calculated approaches to producing events, coordinating several schemes to generate a single act - Goal directed behaviour - Object permanence occurs here

shaken baby syndrome

- Brain rotate; blood vessels tear -Physical & learning disabilities -usually out of frustration and anger. Can lead to death (causes blood vessels tear and destroys intricate connections b/w brain and neurons)

18 to 24 months

- One word utterances combinations First multi-word utterances:ball table" or "table ball" - Telegraphic speech

primary circular reactions

- Piaget sensorimotor stage - At this age infants begin to coordinate what was single actions into integrated activities (looking and touching something) They are schemes reflecting an infants repetition of interesting or enjoyable actions that focus on the infants own body just for the enjoyment of doing them - primary = body, circular = repetitive, reaction = you're reacting to something.

simple reflexes

- Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage - 0-1 month: during this period the various reflexes that determine the babies interactions with the world are the center of its cognitive life. At the same time, some of the reflexes begin to accommodate the infant's experience with the real world.

Piaget

- cognitive development results from children active engagement with the world - universal stages in a fixed order: sensorimotor, pre operational, concrete operation, formal operations - emphasis in qualitative changes - in infants, intelligence is sensorimotor

anxious ambivalent attachment

- contact resisting, Displays a combination of positive and negative reactions to their mothers. they are initially in such close contact with the mother that they hardly explore their environment, and even before the mother leaves they show great distress. upon her return, they seek to be close to her but are also angryy that she left

critique to Piaget

- development occurs in much more continuous fashion rather showing major leaps of competence at the end of one stage and the beginning of the next. ones in more gradual increments. - he overlooked sensory and perceptual systems - object permanence happens earlier and if it doesn't happen it is due to lack of memory

pattern finding

- how we learn the patterns of my language. Say you say "look at the __" repeatedly over time the baby will understand that the word in the blank is associated with what they are being shown - tomasello's theory

touch

- infants experience pain -- heartbeat, sweating, facial expression, voice tone --reactions are slower earlier on (react to pain after the pain has been inflicted, but a few months later the same procedure brings a much quicker response - the reason for this delayed reaction in the infant is produced by relatively slower transmission of information within the newborns less developed nervous system) - starting at 32 weeks after conception baby is sensitive to ____

breastfed

- infants react to unpleasant tastes and smells from birth - newborns can detect their mothers smell, but only when _____ - infants have an innate sweet tooth, possibly because of the evolutionary survival advantage of preferring sweet

Bayley Scales of Infant Development

- not a good predictor of later development - like Gissells approach, the app yields a developmental quotient (DQ). A child who scores at an average level- meaning average performance for other children at the same age- receives a score of 100 Scales like these are particularly useful in identifying infants who are substantially behind their peers and who therefore need immediate special attention

4 to 6 months

- start to take turns - Establish expectations

auditory perception

- the ability to hear begins prenatally. infants are born with preferences for particular sound combinations. They are more sensitive to certain very high or very low frequencies of sound. But less sensitive to middle range frequencies but eventually their capabilities improve. - newborns prefer their mother voice: DeCasper and Fifer: recognition of a story they heard in utero, and they would rather listen to their mom telling the same story (results=mom as reader and the familiar story as subject) - 4 month olds prefer to listen to mothers and infants are more sensitive than adults to high and low frequencies but not to the middle ranges

role-reversed imitation

- we have reversed roles with whoever we are imitating. The baby learns that when she points hse is trying to direct my attention, so now thye learn when I want to direct her attention I will point at something too and that's how they learn. They are pretty good at this imitation at about 9 months - tomasello's theory

6 to 8 months

-Canonical babbling -Recognize words within sentences

bowlby

-emotional bond between child and primary caregiver: need of safety and security - argued that attachment is based primarily on infant's needs for safety and security. As they develop, infants come to learn that their safety is best provided by a particular individual, typically the mother and they develop a relationship with the primary caregiver that is qualitatively different form the bonds formed with others.

visual perception

-newborn infants cannot see beyond 20 feet - depth perception develops at 6 months of age: Gibson and walk VISUAL CLIFF - infants prefer to look at faces - by 8 months see pretty well -only by 2 tp 3 years is fully developed

tomasello's theory

-social pragmatic and usage-based theories - general mechanisms: intention-reading, pattern-finding, role-reversed imitation

difficult babies

10% Negative moods - cry a lot, angry Slow to adapt to new situations Withdraw from new situations - rather not adapt at all

phase 2

3 to 6 months - orientation/signals without discrimination of a figure s

phase 4

3 years... goal corrected partnership; transactional objects (when babies regulate their behaviour, transactional objects replace mom while mom is away like a blankie or a stuffed animal)

secondary circular reactions

4-8 months Moving to the external world. Instead of sucking my own finger I will suck the rattle. Secondary = outside. Circular = repetitive, it is not an action but a REACTION Schemes regarding repeated actions that bring about desired consequences

easy babies

40% - positive disposition -body functions operate regularly - adaptable - Show curiosity about new situations and their emotions are moderate or low intensity. Applies to about 40% of infants

phase 3

6 months to 3 years: maintenance of proximity to a discriminated figure

complex

After birth the size of the neuron increases, dendrite growth, and the axons Even though we are losing neurons, the one we are left with are getting more ___ and increases in size and results in brain growth, that's why the baby head gets bigger, triples in weight in size in the first 2 years of life. Neurons reposition themselves based on their function - some go to the cerebral cortex (the upper layer of the brain) while others go to subcortical levels (below the cerebral cortex) this regulates activities like breathing and heart rate becomes almost fully developed at birth

universal grammar

Chomsky's analysis of different languages suggests that all the world's languages share a similar underlying structure, which he calls..

birth to 3 months

Crying, cooing, etc. o Discriminate sounds of all languages o Recognize mother's voice

intelligence

Developmental specialists have devised several approaches to illuminate the nature of individual differences in ______. The goal of measuring infant ______ has changed over the decades. In the early years, testing served to construct a picture of "normal development". The problem with this is that there is a huge range for normal development and for the most part, the measures were not very good at predicting future IQ or academic performance

synaptic pruning

Elimination of neurons as the result or disuse or lack of stimulation. babies are born with way more neurons than they need so as they get older and older additional neurons are being formed based on their experiences. Pruning away of unnecessary neurons. Those that are unnecessary die off. The end result of ___ _____ is to allow established neurons to build communication networks with other neurons. As you loose cells, there is increased efficiency of the nervous system. If you lose a cell it means your other cell has to compensate for that.

developmental quotient

Gesell developed a _____, which is an overall developmental score that relates to performance in four domains: motor skills (for ex. Balance and sitting), language use, adaptive behaviour (such as alertness and exploration)

information processing approaches

How infants take in, use or store information, sees development as quantitative. We might compare this perception to the improvement that come from both hardware upgrades [brain maturation] and the use of more efficient programs that increase speed and sophistication in the processing of information This approach focuses on the mental programs we use - encoding -storage -retrieval -automatization

language-acquisition device (LAD)

In this view, the human brain is wired with a neural system called the __________ that both permits the understanding of language structure and provides a set of strategies and techniques for learning the particular characteristics of the language to which a child is exposed. In this view, language is uniquely human, made possible by genetic predisposition to both comprehend and produce words and sentences CRITIQUE TO THIS THINKING: CERTAIN PRIMATES ARE ABLE TO LEARN AT LEAST THE BASICS OF LANGUAGE, AN ABILITY THAT CALLS INTO QUESTION THE UNIQUENESS OF THE HUMAN LINGUISTIC CAPABILITY

slow-to-warm-up babies

Inactive Relatively calm reactions to environment than difficult babies Moods are generally negative - but relatively calm when comapred with difficult babies Withdraw from new situations, adapting slowly

multimodal perception

Information collected by various individual sensory systems is integrated and coordinated

social referencing

Is the intentional search for information about other's feelings to help explain the meaning of uncertain circumstance and events. We use _____ ______ to clarify the meaning of a situation and so to reduce our uncertainty about what is occurring, first occurs around 8/9 months. intentionality understanding (around 9 months)

theory of mind

Knowledge and beliefs about how the mind works and how it affects behavior. Theories of mind are the explanations that children use to explain how others think

self awareness

Knowledge of oneself. Begin to grow after the age of 12 months. The awareness and knowledge that you are independent social entity to which others react, and which you attempt to present to the world in ways that reflect favorably upon you.

gender

Male infants tend to be more active and fussier than females, and their sleep tends to be more disturbed than girls. Boys grimace more although no gender difference exists in the overall amount of crying There is also evidence that male newborns are more irritable than female, actual differences are very minor though. Gender difference emerge more clearly as children age, and become increasingly influenced by the gender roles that society sets out for them, girls prefer to play with dolls and boys prefer to play with blocks and trucks since those are the options that are available to them. (at about age 1) Age 2 → boys behave more independently and less compliantly than girls as a result of parental reactions. Ex) when a child starts to walk, boys are encouraged more to go off and explore the world, while girls are higged and kept close.

nutrition

Most babies regulate their caloric intake - w/o proper ____ babies could suffer cognitive and social disabilities.

kwashiorkor

Older children are susceptible ____ a disease in which a childs stomach, limbs and face swells with water. It looks like they are chubby but it is an illusion because the child's body is in fact struggling to make use of the few nutrients that are available

simple reflexes

Piaget 's Sensorimotor Stage· 0-1 month During this period the various reflexes that determine the babies interactions with the world are the center of its cognitive life. At the same time, some of the reflexes begin to accomodate the infant's experience with the real world.

erikson's theory

The origins of personality, the sum total of the enduring characteristics that differentiate one individual from another, stem from infancy. From birth and on infants begin to show unique stable traits and behaviors that ultimately lead to their development as distinct, special individuals ____________ considers how individuals come to understand themselves and the meaning of others' and their own behavior.

schemes

[piaget] organized patterns of sensory or motor functioning that adapt or change with mental development. at first, they are related to sensory or motor activity, as children develop their ___ move to a mental level, reflecting thought

marasmus

a disease caused by severe malnutrition during first year of infancy, which is when infants stop growing. Attributed to a severe deficiency in proteins and calories causes the body to waste away and result in death

joint attention scenes

a moment when you are playing with your baby and you are both sharing attention, you are both looking at the ball and you both know that they are looking at the bird. Mom is aware of me looking at the bird, they are looking @ the bird together

morphemes

a morpheme is the smallest language unit that has meaning. Some are complete words, while others add information necessary for interpreting a word, such as the endings "-s"for plural and "-ed" for past tense

proximodistal (B)

a principle of growth that states Fingers develop after the arms, growth is centre outward. the actual trunk of your body grows after the extremities of your arm

cephalocaudal (A)

a principle of growth that states that sight develops first then walking. you grow from head down.

empathy

an emotional response that corresponds to the feelings of another person - around 18-24 months (around age of 2) - is contagious crying evidence that infants have ___?

infant directed speech

also known as motherese, a style of speech that characterizes much of the verbal communication directed toward infants by mothers, fathers, grandparents, and even older siblings

object permanence

an object stops to exist for a baby after it disappears or gets hidden Also start to intimate new sounds and visible movement. they learn this in the stage of coordination of circular reactions, of Piaget sensorimotor stages.

first words

are generally spoken around the age of 10 to 14 months, but s one as early as 9 months.

semantics

are the rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences. As their knowledge of semantics develops, children are able to understand the subtle distinction between "Ellie was hit by a ball"(an answer to the question of why Ellie doesn't want to play catch) and "A ball hit Ellie" (used to announce the current situation)

navist approach

argues that there is a genetically determined, innate mechanism that directs the development of language. People are born with an innate capacity to use language, which emerges, more or less automatically, due to maturation

6 months

at ______ babies recognize their own name

50

at the end of year 1, a typical baby grows __% taller, by the end of the second year they are usually 91 cm. At birth the head is ¼ the newborn's entire body size but by the end of year 2 the rest of the body catches up so the difference becomes ⅛

stranger anxiety

caution and wariness displayed by infants when encounter an unfamiliar person - around 7 months

accommodation

changing existing ways of thinking. modifying your schemes.

developmental norms

comparing the individual to the group

Ainsworth strange situation

consists a sequence of staged episodes that illustrate the strength of attachment between child and typically his or her mother.

implicit memory

consists of motor skills, habits, and activities that can be remembered without conscious cognitive effort, such as how to ride a bike or climb stairs - earliest memories seem to be _______ , and they involve the cerebellum and brain stem

8-10M

crawling : babies coordinate the motions of arms and legs and propel themselves forward

automatization

degree to which an activity requires attention - when we learn something and get so good at something that it becomes almost automatic, we know how to do it very well. you can do something without that much attention or without wasting your resources. an example is driving. infants have the ability to learn subtle statistical patterns and relationships

9 to 12 months

its really hard to know when the baby actually starts to talk because we don't even know when it is a real world and when it is just babbling. We do think real words come at about 13 months

14 months

fine motor skills development, builds tower of two cubes

8 months

fine motor skills development, grasps with thumb and finger

11 months

fine motor skills development, holds pencil

16 months

fine motor skills development, places peg in boards

3 months

fine motor skills development- infants can open their hands, grasp rattle

rouge test

in which an infant's nose or forehead is secretly colored with a big red spot then the infant is seated in from of a mirror , if infants touch their noses or attempt to wipe of the spot, we have evidence that they have at at least some knowledge of their physical characteristics. some are startled by the red spot by 12M but most reactions occur when infants are at 17 and 24M of age

referential style

in which language is used primarily to label objects.

prelinguistic communication

is communication through sounds, facial expressions, gestures, imitation, and other nonlinguistic means. When a father responds to his daughter's "ah" with an "ah" of his own, and then the daughter repeats the sound, and the father responds once again, they are engaging in prelinguistic communication. Although this ah has no particular meaning, its repetition, which mimics the give and take of conversation, gives the infant something about turn taking and the back and forth of communication

explicit memory

is memory that is conscious and that can be recalled intentionally. When we try to recall a name or phone number, were using.. the forerunner of ____ involves the hippocampus, but true ___ does not emerge until the second half of the first year

attachment

is the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and particular special individual. When children feel attachment they feel pleasure when they are with them and feel comforted by their presence at times of distress.

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

isorder in which seemingly healthy infants die in their sleep. Affects about 1/2000 infants each year in canada. It seems to occur when the normal patterns oduring sleep are interrupted but we don't know why that would happen. They are not choking or anything, they die a peaceful death. Some research suggests that an impaired brain function that can be caused by maternal alcohol or cigarette use, dysfunction in the medulla which is involved in breathing and heart rate. - make your baby sleep on its back. pacifier use at night is associated with DECREASED risk of _____

malnutriton

lagging in growth and intellectual development - Improper amount and balance of nutrients and produces several results, none good. In developing countries show a slower growth rate by the age of 6 months . by the time they reach age 2, their height and weight are only 95% of the height and the weight of the most industrialized countries

language theory approaches

language as a learned skill - Language acquisition follows the basic laws of reinforcement and conditioning - For instance, a child who articulates the word "da" might be hugged and praised by her father, who jumps to the conclusion that she is referring to him. This theory suggests that children learn to speak by being rewarded for making sounds that approximate speech. Through the process of shaping, language becomes more and more similar to adult speech - PROBLEM → it doesn't seem to adequately explain how children acquire the rules of language as readily as they do. For instance, young children are reinforced when they make errors.

babbling

making speechlike but meaningfulness sounds- starts at the age of two or three months and continue until around the age of one year. progresses from simple to more complex sounds, reflects the sounds of the language to which infants are exposed.

visual recognition memory measurement

measures of ______-___________, the memory of and recognition of a stimulus that has been previously seen, also relate to intelligence. The more quickly an infant can retrieve a representation of a stimulus from memory, the more efficient, presumably, is that infant's information-processing - Speed of information processing

autobiographical memories

memories of personal experience, which are events you experienced and can recount, seem not to become accurate before age 18 to 24 months

6 MONTHS

moving

new connections/synapses

neurons connect to each other through synapses. at birth don't have a lot of neural connection but around 24 months there is a lot more near connections

die out

neurons not used ____ ___. when born we have way more neuron then we need so some die; same with connection, some die (synaptic pruning).

sensitive period

new connections/synapses - at birth we do not have a lot f neural connections but around 24 months there is a lot more neural connections.

disorganized

no pattern, show inconsistent, contradictory, and confused behaviour. their confusion suggests that they might be the least securely attached children of all.

nonverbal encoding

nonverbal expression of emotion is fairly consistent among people of all ages, conclusion that we are born with capacity to display basic emotions

independence of systems

o Patterns of growth for body and sexual characteristics are different - different systems have different rates for when they develop

expressive style

objects tend to use an ______ in which language is used primarily to express feelings and need about oneself and others

phase 1

of attachment - orientation/signals without discrimination of a figure

axon myelination

on the other side of the neuron is the axon, carries messages destined to other neurons, they never touch each other, communicate via chemical messengers called neurotransmitters

first sentences

one-word utterances that stand for a whole phrase, the meaning of which depends on the particular context in which they are used - The increase in vocabulary that comes at around 18 months is accompanied by another accomplishment: the linking together of individual words into sentences that convey a single thought - first two words generally around 8-12 months

assimilation

people's understanding and experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking. an infant who tries to suck on a toy is existing the objects to her sucking scheme.

affordance

perceptual growth is aded by infant's discovery of ___: the action, possibilities that a given stimulus provides - For example, infants know they may fall down a ramp, if the ramp affords the possibility of falling - crucial knowledge for when they go from crawling to walking

sound localization

permits us to pinpoint the direction to which sound is emanating. Because infants heads are smaller, they have difficulty determining from which side sound is coming and their ears are closer to each other so they can't really time the arrival of sound. Reach adult level 18 months.

decasper and fifer

recognition of a story they heard in utero, and they would rather listen to their mom telling the same story (results = mom as reader and the familiar story as subject)

rochat

proposes that self awareness develops through 4 steps Level 0: Confusion (more for animals not babies. you are kind of mixed with other people you don't know what is you and what is not, generally we are born in the next phase..) Level 1: Differentiation: 0 to 2 M Level 2: Situation: 2 to 10 M Level 3: Identification: 18m to 3 years Level 4: Permanence: 3 to 4 years Level 5: self-consciousness: 4 to 5 years

anxious avoidant

proximity avoiding, a style of attachment in which children not seek proximity to the mother; after the mother has left, don't really seem distressed they seem to avoid her when she returns as if they are indifferent by her behavior.

secure attachment

proximity seeking, contact maintaining

developmental scales

psychologist arnold gesell formulated the earliest measure of infant development in 1925, which was designed to distinguish between typically developing and atypically developing babies. Gesell based his scale on examinations of hundreds of babies and compared their behaviours at different ages to assess what was most common at a particular age If an infant varied significantly from the norms of a given age, he was considered to be developmentally delayed or advanced

dendrite

receive messages from other cells

phonology

refers to the basic sounds of language, called phonemes, that can be combined to produce words and sentences. For instance the "a" in "mat" and the "a" in "mate" represent to different phonemes in english

rhythms

repetitive cyclical pattern of behaviours, some are easy to notice, others not so much - wakefulness/sleep breathing sucking : states are the degree of awareness he or she displays to both internal and external stimulation. States include various levels of wakefull behaviour like alertness, fussing, crying, different levels of sleep Body rhythms such as rocking, eating, sleeping, and eliminating waste is controlled by a variety of bodily systems.

3 MONTHS

rolling over (and can sit with support)

6M

sitting without support

11M

standing alone without holding anything

7 months

standing while holding

separation anxiety

the distress displayed by infants when a customary care provider departs universal across cultures - begins 7-8 to 14 months - largely attributable to the small triggers as stranger anxiety, infants' growing cognitive skills allow them to ask reasonable questions - separation anxiety represent important social progress, they reflect both cognitive advances and the growing and social bonds between infants and their caregivers-bonds

weaning

the gradual cessation of breast or bottle feeding. it is considered to begin when formula or solid food is introduced. in canada, 63% breastfeed over 3 months mostly due to inadequate milk supply

infantile amnesia

the lack of memory experiences occurring prior to three years of age- more recent research shows that infants do retain memories. For example, 6 month old children exposed to an unusual series of events, such as intermittent period of light and dark and unusual sounds, have some memories of their participation in the earlier experience two years later - if subsequent experiences do not interfere with their recollection, in most cases, memories of personal experiences in infancy do not last into adulthood

Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

the period during toddlers develop independence and autonomy if they are allowed the freedom to explore, or shame and self-doubt if they are restricted and overprotected - 12 months to 3 years -Independence/autonomy if allowed freedom to explore -Shame/self-doubt if restricted & overprotected

trust vs mistrust

the period during which infants develop a sense of trust and mistrust, largely depending on how well their needs are met by their caregivers - 0 to 18 months - depend on how well needs are met - __: sense of hope; feel like needs can be fulfilled -_____: difficulty in forming bonds; see world as harsh and unfriendly

encoding

the process by which info is initially recorded in a form of reusable memory. we have selective attention, picking and choosing information to which they will pay attention

memory

the process by which information is recorded, stored and retrieved.

retrieval

the process by which material memory storage is located, brought into awareness and used

language

the systematic, meaningful arrangement of symbols, provides the basis for communication. It is closely tied to the way we think and understand the world. It enables us to reflect on people and objects and to convert our thoughts to others

blame assignment

they start to associate that last word with the object associated

shaping

through the process of ____, language becomes more and more similar to adult speech

underextension

using words too restrictively, which is common among children mastering spoken language. This occurs when language novices think that a word refers to a specific instance of a concept, instead of all examples of the concept. "Mama" refers to Sarah's mother, not just anyone's mother, and "kitty" refers to Sarah's cat, not other cats

12M

walking

17M

walking up steps

item based constructions

we learn it as a whole construction, we are not able to generalize yet - "I gained apples" but not "i liked apples" - Have syntactic marking, but is verb specific (local) - Difficulty in generalizing

obesity

weight greater than 20% above average for a given height. there is no correlation between ____ in infancy and _____ at age 16, but overfeeding at infancy can cause an excess amount of fat cells in the body

16 week olds

when confronted with unfamiliar events .... high reactive (25%): really active and distressed low reactive (40%): relaxed

14 to 21 month olds

when confronted with unfamiliar events .... inhibited (1/3): fearful -> anxiety disorders in teens inhibited (1/3): Bold -> conduct disorder in teens

intention reading

when you point you expect the baby to look over there. Babies learn how to pick up on those intentions and this is important for language - tomasello's theory

non organic failure to thrive

which is a disorder in which infants stop growing due to the lack of stimulation and attention due to inadequate parenting. Can be reversed through intensive parent training or putting children in foster homes

brazelton neonatal behavioural assessment scale

which is a measure designed to determine infants neurological and behavioural responses to their environment 4 categories: interaction with others (such as alertness and cuddling) motor behaviour, physiological control (such as the ability to be soothed after being upset), and responses to stress - research is not very diverse

habituation

you show stimuli to babies for a while and eventually they get bored. the faster they get bored, the smarter they are → the faster they are processing information.