Chapter 3 - The Cellular level of Organization
94) The enzyme ________ is required for the synthesis of mRNA. A) RNA polymerase B) deoxyribase C) phosphatase D) RNA synthetase E) ribase
A) RNA polymerase
123) If the amount of chloride ion in blood plasma increases, which of the following would initially occur? A) The blood osmotic pressure will increase. B) The blood osmotic pressure will decrease. C) The blood osmotic pressure will stay the same. D) The blood hydrostatic pressure will increase. E) The blood hydrostatic pressure will decrease.
A) The blood osmotic pressure will increase.
89) Each triplet of bases in a gene corresponds to A) one amino acid in a protein B) one DNA nucleotide C) one protein D) one mRNA E) one chromosome
A) one amino acid in a protein
62) Which of the following consists of a network of intracellular membranes with attached ribosomes? A) rough endoplasmic reticulum B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum C) mitochondria D) nucleoli E) Golgi apparatus
A) rough endoplasmic reticulum
116) Diffusion of a substance across the cell membrane may be influenced by all of the following except A) the availability of ATP. B) the presence of membrane channels for the substance. C) its charge of the substance. D) its concentration gradient. E) its lipid solubility.
A) the availability of ATP.
141) The electric potential difference across the cell membrane is known as A) the membrane potential B) the membrane difference C) the cellular potential D) the cellular difference E) the plasmalemma potential
A) the membrane potential
Water molecules and small ions enter a cell through A)channels formed by integral proteins B) peripheral carbohydrates C) defects int he lipid layer of the membrane D) lipid channels E) peripheral proteins
A)channels formed by integral proteins
120) Imagine a beaker divided down the center by a rigid membrane that is freely permeable to water but impermeable to glucose. Side 1 contains a 10 percent glucose solution and side 2 contains the same volume of pure water. At equilibrium, what will be the situation? A) Water will continue to move from side 1 to side 2. B) Water will continue to move from side 2 to side 1. C) The volume of liquid will be greater in side 1. D) The volume of liquid will be greater in side 2. E) The volume of liquid remain equal on both sides.
C) The volume of liquid will be greater in side 1.
158) The correct order of phases in the cell cycle is
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
135) In order to maintain cellular homeostasis, one abundant type of exchange pump ejects ________ ions from the cell and imports ________ ions.
sodium (3); potassium (2)
156) During this phase of cell division, the chromosomes uncoil, the nuclear membrane forms, and cytokinesis occurs.
telophase
In the facilitated diffusion of glucose, what determines what direction in which glucose molecules will be transported?
the concentration gradient
38) Match the organelle (1-4) with the correct description (5-8). 1) mitochondrion 2) centriole 3) endoplasmic reticulum 4) cytosol 5) synthesizing molecules 6) liquid in cell 7) provides cell with energy 8) aids the formation of the spindle apparatus
1 and 7, 2 and 8, 3 and 5, 4 and 6
159) If an animal cell has 18 chromosomes and undergoes mitosis, how many chromosomes would each daughter cell have?
18
21) Which structure is water most likely to pass through?
2
46) Which structure organizes the mitotic spindle during cell division
2
48) Which organelle renews the cell membrane and modifies and packages proteins for secretion?
6
49) Which structure produces ATP for the cell?
3
20) What part of the plasma membrane is hydrophobic?
3 (tails)
108) What is the correct order of occurrence for the steps of protein synthesis? 1. mRNA is produced in nucleus. 2. Ribosome moves along mRNA. 3. DNA uncoils for transcription. 4. Polypeptide is produced. 5. tRNA brings amino acids to ribosome. 6. mRNA moves to ribosome.
3,1,6,2,5,4
68) The following is a list of the steps involved in the process of secretion by the Golgi apparatus. What is the proper order for these steps? 1. Cisternae move from the forming face toward the maturing face. 2. Exocytosis 3. Products from RER are packaged into transport vesicles. 4. Secretory vesicles are formed at the maturing face. 5. Vesicles arrive at the forming face. 6. Enzymes modify arriving proteins and glycoproteins.
3,5,6,1,4,2
23) Microfilaments are labeled
5
47) Synthesis of carbohydrates and lipids occurs in the structure labeled
7
85) Histones are found in A) nucleosomes B) proteasomes C) lysosomes D) vesicles E) endosomes
A) nucleosomes (present in chromatin)
22) Which structure has a "gate" to control transport?
8
104) The anticodon for the triplet UCA is A) AGU B) AGC C) TCA D) TGT E) AGT
A) AGU
13) How is the plasma membrane involved in structural support of body tissues? A) It has specialized connections to other cells or extracellular materials. B) It primarily consists of fibrous proteins. C) It is inflated by cytoplasm at high pressure. D) Tissues are largely composed of empty plasma membranes left by dead cells. E) It is hydrophobic, so it repels extracellular fluid and attracts the membranes of other cells.
A) It has specialized connections to other cells or extracellular materials.
32) Compared to the extracellular fluid, cytosol contains A) a higher concentration of potassium ions. B) a lower concentration of dissolved proteins. C) almost no glycogen. D) a higher concentration of amino acids. E) almost no lipids.
A) a higher concentration of potassium ions.
161) Generally, cells with a very brief interphase and lacking a G0 phase A) are stem cells. B) do not exhibit cytokinesis. C) have brief life spans. D) are reproductive cells. E) lack the enzyme DNA polymerase.
A) are stem cells.
26) Proteins of the plasma membrane carry out all of the following functions except A) binding to DNA to turn on genes. B) sending and receiving signals to and from other cells. C) transporting substances across the membrane. D) anchoring the cell to external structures. E) catalyzing chemical reactions at the inner or outer surface of the membrane.
A) binding to DNA to turn on genes.
72) Peroxisomes A) both generate and break down hydrogen peroxide B) pull the chromosomes toward the poles of a dividing cell C) manufacture proteins D) manufacture most of a cell's ATP E) contain the genetic information of a cell
A) both generate and break down hydrogen peroxide
118) Water molecules and small ions enter a cell through A) channels formed by integral membrane proteins. B) peripheral proteins. C) lipid channels. D) peripheral carbohydrates. E) defects in the lipid layer of the membrane.
A) channels formed by integral membrane proteins.
30) Which of the following descriptors regarding cytoplasm is false? A) contains less protein than extracellular fluid B) the material that fills a cell C) syrupy or gel-like consistency D) includes cytoskeleton E) includes cytosol
A) contains less protein than extracellular fluid
127) In ________, one substance is transported into the cell and another is transported out. A) contrasnport B) ditransport C) countertransport D) protransport E) throughtransport
A) countertransport
92) Which of the following is false about DNA fingerprinting? A) determined by analyzing proteins B) unique to each individual with the exception of identical twins C) used extensively during crime scene investigations D) may be obtained from blood, semen, hair, and other tissues E) based on short tandem repeats (STRs) in the DNA
A) determined by analyzing proteins
149) When is DNA replicated? A) interphase B) anaphase C) metaphase D) telophase E) interkinesis
A) interphase
11) If a hole is torn in a cell's plasma membrane, the cell will die because A) it will not be able to maintain differences between the cytoplasm and extracellular fluid. B) germs are attracted toward cytoplasm leaking from a cell. C) it will not be able to undergo cell division. D) its chromosomes will not be held in place. E) cells can only make more plasma membrane during cell division.
A) it will not be able to maintain differences between the cytoplasm and extracellular fluid.
37) Each of the following is an example of a nonmembranous cell organelle except A) lysosomes B) cilia C) centrioles D) ribosomes E) cytoskeleton
A) lysosomes (nonmembraneous: centrosomes, centrioles, cytoskeleton, proteasomes, ribosomes)
138) Endocytosis is a A) method of transporting substances into the cell B) method for metabolizing within the cytosol C) form of anabolism D) viral infection E) method for packaging secretions
A) method for transporting substances into the cell
115) Breathing faster and deeper eliminates more carbon dioxide from the body than normal breathing. Under these circumstances, in the lungs A) more carbon dioxide will diffuse out of the blood. B) more carbon dioxide will diffuse into the blood. C) less carbon dioxide will diffuse out of the blood. D) less carbon dioxide will diffuse into the blood. E) the amount of carbon dioxide diffusion will remain unchanged.
A) more carbon dioxide will diffuse out of the blood.
168) An alternate term for tumor is A) neoplasm B) cytoplasm C) benign malignancy D) primary metastasis E) nucleoplasm
A) neoplasm
67) Which of the following statements about the Golgi apparatus is false? A) It receives transport vesicles from the RER. B) It sends transport vesicles to the RER. C) It produces lysosomes. D) It supplies new membrane components. E) It produces secretory vesicles.
B) It sends transport vesicles to the RER.
59) ________ are responsible for identifying and digesting damaged or denatured proteins. A) Peroxisomes B) Proteasomes C) Lysosomes D) ENdosomes E) Nucleosomes
B) Proteasomes
88) How do chromosomes become visible under a light microscope as a cell prepares to divide? A) The cell becomes flat and thin, and its internal structures become easier to see. B) Thin strands of chromatin coil tightly and then coil again. C) DNA is thicker after it has replicated. D) Chromosomes become more intensely colored before cell division. E) Chromosomes are created before cell division, and then broken down afterward.
B) Thin strands of chromatin coil tightly and then coil again.
16) Most of the surface area of a plasma membrane consists of A) a protein bilayer. B) a phospholipid bilayer. C) carbohydrate molecules. D) DNA. E) cells.
B) a phospholipid bilayer.
60) Proteasomes ________ proteins that have been damaged or denatured. A) tag for destruction by a different organelle B) break down C) expel from the cell D) repair E) duplicate
B) break down
77) Some cells contain large numbers of mitochondria while others have relatively few or none. This suggests that A) cells with large numbers of mitochondria are short-lived. B) cells with large numbers of mitochondria have a high energy demand. C) cells with small numbers of mitochondria have a large ATP supply. D) cells with large numbers of mitochondria have a low energy demand. E) some cells are older than others.
B) cells with large numbers of mitochondria have a high energy demand.
117) There is a direct correlation between the potency of a general anesthetic such as ether and its ability to A) dissolve in water. B) dissolve in lipids. C) bind to proteins. D) interact with carbohydrates. E) bind to DNA.
B) dissolve in lipids.
Which of the following about cytoplasm is false? A) semi-rigid texture B) extracellular fluid contains more protein C) includes cytoskeleton D) the material that fills a cell E) includes cytosol
B) extracellular fluid contains more protein
147) If a cell lacked the enzyme DNA polymerase, it could not A) maintain the integrity of the nuclear envelope. B) form complementary strands of DNA during replication. C) link segments of DNA together. D) form spindle fibers. E) form a new nuclear membrane during telophase.
B) form complementary strands of DNA during replication.
90) The functional units of DNA that contain the instructions for making one or more proteins are A) chromosomes. B) genes. C) ribosomes. D) codons. E) RNA.
B) genes.
121) A blood cell undergoes crenation when it is placed in a(n) ________ solution. A)isotonic B) hypertonic C) hypotonic D) merotonic E) homotonic
B) hypertonic
Hemolysis may occur when a blood cell is placed into A) isotonic solution B) hypotonic solution C) homotonic solution D) hyerptonic solution E) merotonic solution
B) hypotonic solution
139) Receptor-mediated endocytosis A) is a type of secretion. B) imports target molecules after they bind to membrane proteins. C) does not require energy from the cell. D) can only move a substance down its concentration gradient. E) imports extracellular fluid, including all of its dissolved molecules.
B) imports target molecules after they bind to membrane proteins.
50) Microvilli are found on cells of the inner surface of the small intestine, where they A) slow the movement of food through the digestive tract B) increase the absorption of nutrients from digested food C) sense the presence of food in the digestive tract D) push food along the digestive tract E) protect the intestinal lining from irritants or toxins in the food
B) increase the absorption of nutrients from digested food
126) A patient suffers blood loss and is given IV fluids that contain an impermeable carbohydrate called dextran, which serves to ________ leading to an increase in blood volume. A) provide nutrition B) increase the osmolarity of the blood C) increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood D) decrease the osmolarity of the blood E) reduce blood clotting
B) increase the osmolarity of the blood
133) Secondary active transport A) is not carried out by membrane proteins B) is not directly linked to the hydrolysis of ATP C) does not link the pumping of one substance to the concentration gradient of another D) does not require the cell to invest energy, either directly or indirectly E) cannot move a substance against its concentraiton gradient
B) is not directly linked to the hydrolysis of ATP
102) A molecule of ________ contains all the codons needed to produce a particular polypeptide. A) rRNA B) mRNA C) dRNA D) tRNA E) cRNA
B) mRNA
39) Tubulin is to microtubules as actin is to A) ribosomes. B) microfilaments. C) intermediate filaments. D) flagella. E) microvilli.
B) microfilaments.
154) The proper distribution of a somatic cell's genetic material to two daughter cells is accomplished by the process of A) cytosis. B) mitosis. C) cytokinesis. D) phoresis. E) meiosis.
B) mitosis.
Specific proteins are manufactured through the interaction of ______________ and ____________. A) multiple enzymes; three types of DNA. B) multiple enzymes; three types of RNA. C) multiple carbohydrates; three types of DNA D) multiple enzymes; two types of RNA. E) multiple proteins; three types of DNA
B) multiple enzymes; three types of RNA.
110) Permanent alterations in a cell's DNA that affect the nucleotide sequence of one or more genes are called A) interferons B) mutations C) reconstructions D) polymorphs E) changelings
B) mutations
83) Which organelle is more prominent in cells that make large amounts of protein? A) nucleus B) nucleolus C) chromosome D) proteasome E) mitochondria
B) nucleolus
73) Organelles that break down fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide are A) lysosomes B) peroxisomes C) endocytic vesicles D) nuclei E) toxisomes
B) peroxisomes
57) Ribosomes are composed of protein and A) glycogen B) rRNA C) ATP D) DNA E) steroids
B) rRNA
66) Examination of a sample of glandular cells reveals an extensive network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following is the likeliest product of these cells? A) digestive enzymes B) steroid hormones C) protein hormones D) transport proteins E) antibodies
B) steroid hormones
65) Each of the following is a function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum except A) storage and release of calcium ions. B) synthesis of protein. C) synthesis of steroid hormones. D) synthesis of triglycerides. E) detoxification of drugs.
B) synthesis of protein.
124) If the concentration of sodium chloride in the interstitial fluid surrounding cells decreases and the concentration of other solutes remains constant, A) the cells will shrinnk B) the cells will swell C) the fluid outside of the cells will become isotonic D) the fluid outside of the cells will become hypertonic E) the cells will not change
B) the cells will swell
95) The process of forming mRNA is called A) replication B) transcription C) translation D) ribolation E) auscultation
B) transcription
41) Microfilaments A) are usually composed of myosin. B) are hollow, filamentous structures. C) anchor the cytoskeleton to integral proteins of the cell membrane. D) interact with filaments composed of tubulin to produce muscle contractions. E) are found in the cytoplasm radiating away from the centrosome.
C) anchor the cytoskeleton to integral proteins of the cell membrane.
105) During protein synthesis, amino acids are assembled in the proper sequence because each tRNA has a(n) ________ that binds to the next codon in the mRNA. A) enzyme B) nucleotide C) anticodon D) promotor E) transporter
C) anticodon
146) The genetically programmed death of cells is called A) differentiation B) replication C) apoptosis D) metastasis E) mitosis
C) apoptosis
144) The potential difference across the cell membrane is due to the unequal distribution of ________ across the membrane. A) carbohydrate molecules B) water molecules C) cations and anions D) acids and bases E) phospholipids and proteins
C) cations and anions
Red blood cell shrinkage is to ___________ as cell bursting is to _________________. A) hypotonic; isotonic B) isotonic; hypertonic C) crenation; hemolysis D) isotonic; hypotonic E) lysis; crenation
C) crenation; hemolysis
163) The physical process by which a single animal cell separates into two cells is called A) cytosis B) mitosis C) cytokinesis D) phoresis E) meiosis
C) cytokinesis
114) The movement of oxygen from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is an example of A) osmosis B) active transport C) diffusion D) facilitated transport E) filtration
C) diffusion
70) When activated, lysosomes function in A) formation of new cell membranes B) synthesis of proteins C) digestion of materials D) synthesis of lipids E) cell division
C) digestion of materials
128) Assume that the import of a particular amino acid across the plasma membrane is observed (1) to occur only down its concentration gradient and (2) to slow when a different but similar amino acid is added to the extracellular fluid. The movement of the amino acid through the membrane is most likely by A) osmosis B) diffusion C) facilitated diffusion D) active transport E) pinocytosis
C) facilitated diffusion
17) The tails of a phospholipid molecule in a plasma membrane are A) hydrophilic. B) composed of amino acids. C) hydrophobic. D) facing the cytosol. E) interlocked to provide membrane strength.
C) hydrophobic.
122) Hemolysis may occur when a blood cell is placed into a(n) ________ solution. A) isotonic B) hypertonic C) hypotonic D) merotonic E) homotonic
C) hypotonic
45) The structure labeled "1" permits the cell to A) attach to neighboring cells. B) produce more cells. C) increase its surface area for increased absorption. D) swim in extracellular fluid. E) trap bacteria.
C) increase its surface area for increased absorption.
164) During growth, a tissue increases in size by A) increasing the size of its cells. B) increasing the osmolarity of its tissue fluid to draw in water. C) increasing its rate of cell division. D) dilating blood vessels to increase its blood supply. E) recruiting cells from surrounding tissues.
C) increasing its rate of cell division.
27) Receptor molecules on the surface of cells bind specific molecules called, in general, A) recognizers B) binders C) ligands D) bonders E) reactants
C) ligands
169) Cancer cells A) are indistinguishable from normal body cells. B) have a slow mitotic rate. C) may exhibit metastasis. D) do not form neoplasms. E) generally form benign tumors.
C) may exhibit metastasis.
101) mRNA is needed to synthesize ________ in the cytoplasm. A) carbohydrates B) lipids C) proteins D) phospholipids E) salts
C) proteins
19) Identify the role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane. A) enables ions to pass B) forms enzymes C) reduces membrane fluidity and permeability D) anchors the phospholipids E) provides energy
C) reduces membrane fluidity and permeability
162) Special cells called ________ cells maintain tissues by unending cycles of cell division. A) cytogenic B) mother C) stem D) root E) omnipotent
C) stem
153) Before a cell divides, its DNA must be replicated to A) provide a backup copy of DNA in case the original DNA is damaged during mitosis. B) replace the DNA lost during transcription. C) supply each new cell with a full set of the genetic material. D) replace genetic instructions used by the original cell. E) use as an energy source during cytokinesis.
C) supply each new cell with a full set of the genetic material.
167) When telomeres get too short after repeated cell divisions, A) the cell dies. B) the cell becomes cancerous. C) the cell stops dividing. D) the chromosomes uncoil. E) the cell divides more frequently.
C) the cell stops dividing.
130) Facilitated diffusion differs from ordinary diffusion in that A) facilitated diffusion consumes ATP B) facilitated diffusion moves molecules from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration C) the rate of facilitated diffusion is limited by the number of available carrier proteins D) facilitated diffusion never eliminates the concentration gradient E) facilitated diffusion does not rely on carrier proteins
C) the rate of facilitated diffusion is limited by the number of available carrier proteins
157) During mitosis, two daughter cells form, each of which has A) a different number of chromosomes than the original cell. B) twice as many chromosomes as the original cell. C) the same number of chromosomes as the original cell. D) a lesser number of chromosomes than the original cell. E) half as many chromosomes as the original cell.
C) the same number of chromosomes as the original cell.
136) All of the following membrane transport mechanisms are passive processes except A) diffusion. B) facilitated diffusion. C) vesicular transport. D) osmosis. E) movement of water.
C) vesicular transport.
91) A gene is a set of specific instructions that A) produces amino acids for proteins. B) copies DNA strands for mitosis. C) controls the process of mitosis. D) indicates the sequence of amino acids in a protein molecule. E) directs carbohydrate synthesis.
D) indicates the sequence of amino acids in a protein molecule.
36) ________ are compartments within the cell whose contents are isolated from the cytosol. A) Cytoskeleton B) Microvilli C) Nonmembranous organelles D) Membranous organelles E) Ribosomes
D) Membranous organelles
145) Which of these substances could be driven across a membrane by the resting membrane potential? A) H2O B) O2 C) glucose D) Na+ E) CO2
D) Na+
171) ________, which is usually inactive in adult cells, is active in 90% of cancer cells. A) Phagocytosis B) Apoptosis C) The p53 gene D) Telomerase E) DNA polymerase
D) Telomerase
76) Which of the following statements concerning mitochondria is false? A) The cristae increase the inner surface area of the organelle. B) The matrix contains metabolic enzymes involved in ATP synthesis. C) Respiratory enzymes are attached to the surface of the cristae. D) The mitochondria produce oxygen in the process of energy transformation. E) The mitochondria produce most of a cell's ATP.
D) The mitochondria produce oxygen in the process of energy transformation.
5) What would be an example of a cell maintaining homeostasis at the cellular level? A) a cell of the intestine secretes digestive enzymes B) a muscle cell contracts C) a sperm fertilizes an egg D) a cell takes up potassium to maintain the proper cytoplasmic potassium concentration E) a cell divides to become two cells
D) a cell takes up potassium to maintain the proper cytoplasmic potassium concentration
75) In addition to secreting products from the cell, vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus can A) house chromosomes B) produce ATP C) synthesize proteins D) add new material to the plasma membrane E) transport materials to the endoplasmic reticulum
D) add new material to the plasma membrane
25) Identify the mismatched pair. A) receptor proteins—bind to extracellular ligands B) channel proteins—provide passageway for ions C) recognition glycoproteins and glycolipids—identify the cell as "self" D) carrier proteins—allow a cell to move E) enzymes—speed up chemical reactions
D) carrier proteins—allow a cell to move
44) Which of following properties of the cytoskeleton is incorrect? A) supports organelles B) controls cell shape C) provides cell strength D) connects cells to each other E) moves organelles
D) connects cells to each other
119) Which of the following best describes osmosis? A) active transport of water across the cell membrane B) diffusion of water from a greater to a lesser water concentration C) movement of water into a solute D) diffusion of water from a greater to a lesser water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane E) random movement of water due to kinetic energy
D) diffusion of water from a greater to a lesser water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane
99) Before the mRNA transcribed from a gene can be used to translate into a protein, it must be A) edited to remove introns. B) edited to remove exons. C) transported into the cytoplasm. D) edited to remove introns and transported into the cytoplasm. E) coated with phospholipids for transport out of the nucleus.
D) edited to remove introns and transported into the cytoplasm.
173) Different cell types in the body A) produce exactly the same proteins. B) have different genes. C) are identical except for their superficial appearance. D) have the same genes, but different sets of genes are inactivated. E) have the ability to take on the characteristics of each other or any cell in the body.
D) have the same genes, but different sets of genes are inactivated.
125) A solution that contains a lower osmotic pressure than the cytoplasm of a cell is called A) merotonic B) hypertonic C) isotonic D) hypotonic E) homotonic
D) hypotonic
28) Water and small hydrophilic solutes A) may pass through the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane. B) cannot pass through a plasma membrane. C) can dissolve holes in the plasma membrane. D) may pass through channels in the plasma membrane. E) do not mix with each other.
D) may pass through channels in the plasma membrane.
113) A cell can increase how fast a substance diffuses across its plasma membrane by inserting channels, which modify the A) distance across the membrane B) concentration gradient of the substance C) size and mobility of the substance D) membrane's permeability to the substance E) charge of the substance
D) membrane's permeability to the substance
35) The endoplasmic reticulum is an example of a(n) ________ organelle. A) filamentous B) extracellular C) interstitial D) membranous E) bound
D) membranous
42) Which of the following cytoskeleton components moves the chromosomes during cell division? A) microfilaments B) intermediate filaments C) thick filaments D) microtubules E) basal bodies
D) microtubules
54) Cilia and flagella contain nine pairs of ________ surrounding a central pair. A) microvilli B) microfilaments C) microsomes D) microtubules E) intermediate filaments
D) microtubules
33) The cytoplasm contains the fluid cytosol, insoluble inclusions, and the A) microvilli. B) nucleolus. C) enzymes. D) organelles. E) cilia.
D) organelles.
140) A defense cell engulfing a bacterium illustrates A) pinocytosis. B) receptor-mediated exocytosis. C) exocytosis. D) phagocytosis. E) receptor-mediated endocytosis.
D) phagocytosis.
96) The start of each gene begins with a(n) ________ segment. A) neocodon B) intron C) histone D) promoter E) boosting
D) promoter (control)
55) Motile cilia move fluids across a cell's surface, while a flagellum A) cools a cell B) is not motile C) fastens one cell to another D) propels a cell through fluid E) detects environmental stimuli
D) propels a cell through fluid
106) Amino acids are transferred to the ribosome to be incorporated into a growing polypeptide chain by A) aRNA B) mRNA C) rRNA D) tRNA E) pRNA
D) tRNA
14) Functions of the plasma membrane include all of the following except A) separation of the cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid. B) regulation of exchange of materials with the extracellular environment. C) sensitivity to chemical changes in the extracellular fluid. D) thermal insulation. E) structural support.
D) thermal insulation.
174) Embryonic stem cells might be used to replace neurons lost in Parkinson's Disease because A) they are readily available. B) they divide quickly. C) they are young and vigorous. D) they have not yet differentiated. E) they are taken from the brain of the embryo.
D) they have not yet differentiated.
148) In DNA replication, A) 23 copies are made of each chromosome. B) one new copy is made of each chromosome, and the original chromosome remains intact. C) two new copies are made of each chromosome, and the original chromosome is destroyed. D) two copies are made of each chromosome, and each copy contains one of the DNA strands from the original chromosome. E) the chromosome is copied to RNA, which is then copied to DNA for a new chromosome.
D) two copies are made of each chromosome, and each copy contains one of the DNA strands from the original chromosome.
86) Chromosomes consist of ________ and ________.
DNA and proteins
143) In a series of measurements of resting membrane potentials, the following values were recorded. Which one is likeliest to be an error? A) -10 mV B) -20 mV C) -40 mV D) -70 mV E) +100 mV
E) +100 mV
If a red blood cell (RBC) is placed in a 0.5% salt solution, which of the following would occur? 1. water will move out of the RBC 2. RBC will hemolyze 3. RBC will crenate 4. water will enter the RBC A) 3 and 4 B) 2 and 3 C) 1 and 2 D) 1 and 3 E) 2 and 4
E) 2 and 4
Peroxisomes A) contain enzymes that break down hydrogen peroxide. B) are produced from other peroxisomes. C) are more abundant in cells with higher metabolic rates. D) absorb and break down fatty acids, generating hydrogen peroxide in the process. E) all of the answers are correct.
E) all of the answers are correct.
81) A mature red blood cell lacks a nucleus; therefore, it A) can repair itself readily. B) is malformed. C) can only divide once more. D) will be a long-lived cell. E) cannot make new proteins and will be worn out within a few months.
E) cannot make new proteins and will be worn out within a few months.
40) Microfilaments do not A) anchor the cytoskeleton to membrane proteins. B) help determine the consistency of cytoplasm. C) produce cell movement, with myosin. D) consist of the protein called actin. E) distribute chromosomes to opposite ends of a dividing cell.
E) distribute chromosomes to opposite ends of a dividing cell.
3) The cell theory includes all of these concepts except A) each cell maintains homeostasis at the cellular level B) cells are the smallest units that carry out the essential functions of life C) cells are the building blocks of all organisms D) all cells come from the division of preexisting cells E) every cell is capable of living on its own if isolated from the body
E) every cell is capable of living on its own if isolated from the body
165) A chemical from outside a cell that promotes cell division is called a A) nutrient B) promoter C) mutagen D) telomere E) growth factor
E) growth factor
64) The endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for all of the following except A) drug and toxin neutralization. B) lipid synthesis. C) modification of new proteins. D) passing molecules to the Golgi apparatus. E) housing the chromosomes.
E) housing the chromosomes.
34) Masses of insoluble material that are sometimes found in cytosol are known as A) colloids. B) emulsifiers. C) solutes. D) crystals. E) inclusions.
E) inclusions.
43) Which of following properties of microtubules is correct? A) made of myosin B) made of actin C) found only in the terminal web D) another term for microfilaments E) interact with dynein and kinesin
E) interact with dynein and kinesin
152) A cell duplicates its chromosomes during the ________ phase. A) G 0 B) G 1 C) G 2 D) G m E) S
E) interphase (S)
131) Membrane-bound proteins that use metabolic energy to move ions across the plasma membrane are called ________ pumps. A) channel B) receptor C) active D) motor E) ion
E) ion
24) Membrane proteins perform all of the following functions except A) anchoring the cell to other structures. B) binding to extracellular ligands. C) transporting solutes across the membrane. D) catalyzing chemical reactions. E) metabolizing glucose to gain energy.
E) metabolizing glucose to gain energy.
63) Which form of endoplasmic reticulum modifies and packages newly synthesized proteins? A) all forms of endoplasmic reticulum B) simple endoplasmic reticulum C) raised endoplasmic reticulum D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum E) rough endoplasmic reticulum
E) rough endoplasmic reticulum
18) The plasma membrane does not include A) integral proteins. B) glycolipids. C) phospholipids. D) cholesterol. E) silk mesh.
E) silk mesh.
15) Which of the following is not a function of membrane proteins? A) bind to ligands B) regulate the passage of ions C) act as carrier molecules for various solutes D) act as anchors or stabilizers for the cell membrane E) store cellular nutrients
E) store cellular nutrients
166) Cyclin, a protein that becomes more abundant as the cell cycle proceeds A) delays cytokinesis B) activates repressor genes C) triggers DNA replication D) damages telomeres E) takes part in triggering mitosis
E) takes part in triggering mitosis
160) Which phase of the cell cycle has the biggest extremes in duration?
G0 phase
69) The ________ typically consists of five or six flattened membranous discs called cisternae.
Golgi apparatus
74) What is the source of new material for the plasma membrane?
Golgi apparatus
1) What is an advantage of the electron microscope over the compound light microscope? A)it can function in complete darkness B) It is older, more reliable technology C) It is less expensive D) It allows much greater magnification of a specimen E) it is portable
It allows much greater magnification of a specimen
Ribosomes are composed of protein and
RNA
56) ________ may be scattered in the cytoplasm or bound to endoplasmic reticulum.
Ribosomes
7) ________ cells are all of the cells of the body except the reproductive cells (sperm and oocytes).
Somatic
98) The mRNA sequence that is complementary to the sequence ATC on DNA is
UAG
97) Thymine is replaced by which nitrogen base in RNA?
Uracil
132) A process that requires cellular energy to move a substance against its concentration gradient is called
active transport
155) During mitosis, chromatids separate into daughter chromosomes at the start of
anaphase
During the synthesis of proteins, amino acids are assembled in the proper sequence because each tRNA molecule that brings them to the ribosome has an _____________ that binds to a complementary codon in the mRNA.
anticodon
2) The smallest living unit within the human body is a) protein b) cell c) tissue d) organ e) organ system
b) cell
What provides the energy for the sodium-potassium exchange pump?
breaking the high energy bond of ATP
52) The ________ is the microtubule organizing center of the cell.
centrosome
87) In cells that are not dividing, chromosomes uncoil to form a tangle of fine fibers known as
chromatin
Red blood cell shrinkage is to __________ as cell bursting is to _____________.
crenation; hemolysis
The organelles and the watery component of the cell together is called
cytoplasm
29) The watery component of the cytoplasm is called
cytosol
172) The process by which cells become specialized is called
differentiation
How do small water-soluble molecules and ions diffuse across the plasma membrane? How do lipid-soluble molecules diffuse across the membrane?
diffuse through membrane channels; diffusely directly through the plasma membrane
51) If an animal cell lacked centrioles, it would not be able to
divide
137) The intake of materials from the extracellular fluid using vesicles is called
endocytosis
The intake of small membrane vesicles from the extracellular fluid is called
endocytosis
two types of vesicular transport include
endocytosis and exocytosis.
31) Many proteins in the cytosol are ________ that accelerate metabolic reactions.
enzymes
129) The process by which molecules such as glucose are moved into cells along their concentration gradient with the help of membrane-bound carrier proteins is called
facilitated diffusion
53) Centrioles form the basal bodies that anchor microtubules within cilia and
flagella
Describe the concentration of the intracellular fluid relative to the extracellular fluid in parts b and c.
hypertonic to the ECF; hypotonic to the ECF
150) The stage in a cell's life cycle in which the cell performs its normal functions and prepares for division is called
interphase
9) The extracellular fluid in most tissues is called ________ fluid.
interstitial
170) A(n) ________ is a mutated regulatory gene that causes cancer.
oncogene
71) Macrophages are cells that engulf and consume germs or debris. What organelle must be especially plentiful in these cells?
lysosomes
93) The "m" in mRNA stands for
messenger
What are the three different components that makeup the cytoskeleton in all body cells?
microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
78) Most of the ATP required to power cellular operations is produced in the
mitochondria
4) The only kind of cell in the body that is not produced by the division of preexisting cells is
none, because every cell is produced by the division of another cell
82) The nucleus is surrounded by the
nuclear envelope
100) Transfer of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytosol occurs through
nuclear pores
84) The components of ribosomes are formed within
nucleoli
79) Most of a cell's DNA is located in its
nucleus
8) Most cells have only one
nucleus
80) The control center for cellular operations is the
nucleus
What are the two reactants shown here that are necessary for energy production? What are the three products shown here as a result of this reaction?
oxygen and pyruvate; carbon dioxide, ATP and water
111) The ________ of a cell membrane indicates how easy it is for substances to cross.
permeability
10) What is a structure that separates the contents of a human cell from its surrounding medium?
plasma membrane
12) What is the first part of the cell that is affected when the pH of extracellular fluid changes?
plasma membrane
The start of each gene begins with a
promoter
151) The process of duplicating chromosomes prior to cell division is called
replication
109) The duplication of DNA is called ________, the copying of DNA to mRNA is called ________, and the reading of the mRNA by the cell to make a protein is called ________.
replication, transcription, translation
142) The membrane potential in an undisturbed cell is called its
resting membrane potential
58) The "r" in rRNA stands for
ribosomal
112) Cell membranes are said to be ________ because they allow some substances to pass but not others.
selectively permeable
Recognition keeps the immune response from attacking ________, while still enabling it to recognize and destroy invading pathogens.
self
61) Synthesis of lipids and glycogen takes place at the
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
134) An extracellular cation whose concentration gradient drives the secondary active transport of many different solutes is
sodium
6) Cytology is the study of
the structure and function of cells
How is DNA organized in the nucleus when the cell is prepared for division? How is DNA organized in the nucleus when the cell is not dividing?
tightly coiled as chromosomes; loosely coiled as chromatin
107) The "t" in tRNA stands for
transfer
103) The process of protein formation directed by mRNA is called
translation
