chapter 3 True or False

true or false: 25% of parent atoms remain (leaving 75% daughter atoms) in a specimen that started with 100% parent atoms (0% daughter atoms). Three half-lives have passed

false

true or false: 4 half-lives have passed & the half-life is 200 my. When did the specimen form? 50 mya.

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true or false: Climate change commonly produces large mountain ranges.

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true or false: Destroying/weathering oxygen-bearing rocks warms Earth.

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true or false: Differentiated meteorites formed before undifferentiated meteorites.

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true or false: During times when Earth enters either the runaway greenhouse or runaway icehouse climate states, Earth's climate thermostat returns Earth to a habitable state.

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true or false: Earth is about 4.54 million years old.

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true or false: Earth's atmosphere from the mid to late Precambrian. During this period, Earth's atmosphere contained abundant methane (CH4) and almost no carbon dioxide (CO2

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true or false: Earth's atmosphere has always had about the same composition it does today—except for oxygen, which has become more abundant through time.

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true or false: Earth's climate state has changed very little throughout its history.

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true or false: Earth's climate, it's average temperature, is governed primarily by the amount of nitrogen in the atmosphere.

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true or false: Earth's early Precambrian atmosphere consisted of gases that Earth's gravity attracted from the proplyd that surrounded the newly-formed Sun.

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true or false: Forming and burying oxygen-bearing rocks cools Earth.

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true or false: Most areas on Earth today (e.g., where you grew up) look more or less like they have since Earth formed.

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true or false: Natural processes that prevent Earth from becoming uninhabitably hot...The formation of metamorphic rocks.

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true or false: Natural processes that prevent Earth from entering a runaway icehouse state...Sea level rise.

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true or false: Natural processes that prevent Earth from entering a runaway icehouse state...The formation of continental ice

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true or false: Positive climate feedbacks keep Earth from becoming uninhabitably hot.

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true or false: The configuration of electrons in the nucleus determines the stability (radioactivity) of isotopes.

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true or false: The governing process that produced a layered Earth was nuclear fusion acting on materials of different density.

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true or false: The history of life on Earth is characterized by long periods of essentially no change, punctuated by periods of moderate change.

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true or false: The official position of The Church of Jesus Christ requires that faithful members reject an ancient Earth.

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true or false: Volcanoes result primarily from the slow flow of rock in Earth's core.

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true or false: When the Sun becomes a giant star & intensely heats out planet, Earth will differentiate.

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true or false:Earth's climate warms when an organisms that are abundant die & are efficiently buried.

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true or false:The abundance of oxygen in Earth's early atmosphere (Hadean & early Precambrian) was about half as abundant as today.

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true or false: . Earth's atmosphere from the mid to late Precambrian. During this period, Earth's atmosphere contained a very small amount of free oxygen (~1% of modern).

true

true or false: . Iron meteorites come from differentiated planetary bodies/asteroids that were broken apart by collision(s) with other asteroids.

true

true or false: . Late Precambrian atmospheric transition. This transition resulted from the burial of large quantities of carbon.

true

true or false: . Natural processes that cause Earth to transition out of a greenhouse climate state...Formation of large mountains.

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true or false: . Some of the bodies that orbit in the asteroid belt are differentiated, some are not.

true

true or false: 25% of parent atoms remain (leaving 75% daughter atoms) in a specimen that started with 100% parent atoms (0% daughter atoms). Two half-lives have passed.

true

true or false: 4 half-lives have passed & the half-life is 200 my. When did the specimen form? 800 mya

true

true or false: An erosional surface records a period of uplift in which surface rocks are removed and replaced by those that were once at greater

true

true or false: Both the mid- and late-Precambrian periods of icehouse climate were associated with important changes in atmospheric oxygen concentrations.

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true or false: Changing climate can cause old species to go extinct, move, or become new species.

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true or false: During the Cenozoic, Earth cooled & mammals dominated terrestrial landscapes.

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true or false: During the Mesozoic, Earth's climate was mostly hot and dinosaurs ruled terrestrial landscapes.

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true or false: Earth formed by accretion.

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true or false: Earth formed from the proplyd that surrounded the newly-formed Sun.

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true or false: Earth has maintained habitable climates primarily because natural processes and feedbacks move carbon between solid Earth and atmospheric reservoirs.

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true or false: Earth materials (e.g., fossils & rocks) are examples of God's works; in this sense they are natural scripture that record Earth's ongoing creation

true

true or false: Earth materials (e.g., minerals and rocks) often record the conditions and processes that formed them.

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true or false: Earth's Precambrian atmosphere consisted of gases erupted from volcanos during the Hadean.

true

true or false: Earth's atmosphere & the liquid water in Earth's oceans provided an environment in which life could form and thrive.

true

true or false: Earth's climate warms when tectonic processes produce massive outpourings of magma.

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true or false: Earth's layered structure formed from an early undifferentiated Earth by lawful self-assembly.

true

true or false: Earth's magnetic field, generated in Earth's large core, protects Earth/life from harmful solar radiation.

true

true or false: If a radioactive isotope has a high probability of decay, it will have a short half life.

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true or false: Isotopes with very high probability of decay are very unstable.

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true or false: Late Paleozoic icehouse Earth... Earth's first forests, which appeared in the mid Paleozoic, required swampy conditions to reproduce.

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true or false: Late Paleozoic icehouse Earth...The transition to an icehouse climate resulted from the burial of vast quantities of dead trees.

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true or false: Mars is in the runaway icehouse climate state.

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true or false: Natural events that decrease global surface temperatures. . A period of time when organisms that are dying in shallow seas are efficiently buried.

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true or false: Natural events that decrease global surface temperatures. Continents collide, forming large mountain belts.

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true or false: Natural events that increase global surface temperatures. Destroying/weathering carbon-bearing rocks.

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true or false: Natural events that increase global surface temperatures. Volcanic eruptions.

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true or false: Natural processes that cause Earth to transition out of an icehouse climate state... Burning of fossil fuels.

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true or false: Natural processes that cause Earth to transition out of an icehouse climate state... Eruptions of lava.

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true or false: Natural processes that prevent Earth from becoming uninhabitably hot...The formation and burial of carbon-bearing rocks.

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true or false: Negative climate feedbacks keep Earth from becoming uninhabitably hot.

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true or false: Radiometric decay rates are essentially constant; as such, they can confidently be used to determine the radiometric ages of Earth events.

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true or false: Sedimentary rock layers record the environment(s) (e.g., beach, lake, or deep ocean) present at a location on the surface at a particular time (in the past).

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true or false: Solidified lava records the presence of an ancient volcanic eruption.

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true or false: The first living organisms to produce oxygen through photosynthesis caused the mid-Precambrian icehouse period by converting atmospheric methane to carbon dioxide.

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true or false: The nature of life during a particular period in Earth history is recorded by fossils.

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true or false: The principle of fossil succession forms the foundation of the geologic timescale.

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true or false: The rise of oxygen-producing photosynthesis caused the mid-Precambrian atmospheric transition

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true or false: The rise of oxygen-producing photosynthesis caused the mid-Precambrian atmospheric transition. This transition cooled Earth

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true or false: The rising and lowering of sea level is caused by the size of ocean basins & the formation & demise of ice on continents.

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true or false: There was essentially no free-oxygen in Earth's atmosphere before the mid-Precambrian icehouse period; after the late-Precambrian icehouse period, oxygen reached approximately modern atmospheric concentrations.

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true or false: Variations in the concentration of greenhouse gases determine Earth's climate state.

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true or false: Venus is in the runaway greenhouse climate state.

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true or false: Weathering & erosion expose fresh rock.

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true or false: When solids orbiting the Sun collide with Earth, they can drastically alter climate conditions and the development of life.

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true or false:. Late Precambrian atmospheric transition. After this transition, the composition of Earth's atmosphere was essentially modern.

true

true or false:. Natural processes that cause Earth to transition out of a greenhouse climate state...Efficient burial of abundant dead organisms.

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true or false:The late-Precambrian icehouse period resulted from vast quantities of carbon being removed from Earth's atmosphere, through the burial (by sediment) of single-celled organisms that were abundant in shallow seas.

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