Chapter 3: Victims and Victimization
Which of the following can be considered an example of target hardening? a. a restaurant owner installing deadbolt locks on the doors to the business b. the construction of a new police precinct in a crime-ridden neighborhood c. making the status of ex-offenders known to the public d. a bank offering firearm training to the staff
a. a restaurant owner installing deadbolt locks on the doors to the business
Why do fraudsters often target the elderly?
the elderly are seen as easy targets due to: living alone, their insurance and pension plans, proceeds from the sale of homes, and money from social security, and savings (financial target)
urbanization
the process of making an area more urban (more of a city).
crime career costs
Opportunity costs associated with the criminal's choice to engage in illegal rather than legal and productive activities, including funds spent on supporting their families, $ lost by choosing to engage in criminal activity
deviant place theory
People become victims because they reside in socially disorganized, high-crime areas where they have the greatest risk of coming into contact with criminal offenders.
lifestyle theory
People may become crime victims because their lifestyle increases their exposure to criminal offenders.
victim costs
Personal economic losses, including medical care costs, lost earnings, and property loss/damage.
what time to serious violent crimes take place typically?
after 6pm.
routine activities theory
The view that victimization results from the interaction of three everyday factors: the availability of suitable targets, the absence of capable guardians, and the presence of motivated offenders
What is the importance of a victim impact statement (VIS) in distributing justice to an offender?
They allow victims to recount the ordeal, which can be used to influence sentencing.
Which term describes the fear individuals can have when they are exposed to violence though NOT directly harmed by it?
vicarious fear
what are the rights of the victim as per stated in the The Crime Victims' Rights Act of 2004?
-The right to be reasonably protected from the accused -The right to reasonable, accurate, and timely notice of any public court proceeding, or any parole proceeding, involving the crime or of any release or escape of the accused -The right not to be excluded from any such public court proceeding, unless the court, after receiving clear and convincing evidence, determines that testimony by the victim would be materially altered if the victim heard other testimony at that proceeding -The right to be reasonably heard at any public proceeding in the district court involving release, plea, sentencing, or any parole proceeding -The reasonable right to confer with the attorney for the government in the case -The right to full and timely restitution as provided by law -The right to proceedings free from unreasonable delay -The right to be treated with fairness and with respect for the victim's dignity and privacy
what are the 2 forms of precipitation on behalf of the victim?
1. active precipitation: victim acts provocatively, view that the source of many criminal incidents is the aggressive or provocative behavior of victims 2. passive precipitation: characteristic of the victim unknowingly encourages or threatens criminal, view that some people become victims because of personal and social characteristics that make them attractive targets for predatory criminals
what are the three factors of routine activities theory?
1. motivated offenders 2. suitable targets 3. lack of capable guardians
cycle of violence
A hypothesis that suggests that a childhood history of physical abuse predisposes survivors to becoming violent themselves in later years.
Which of the following represents victimization by the justice system? a. a homicide suspect being interrogated without a lawyer by police b. police shooting an armed suspect who was violently resisting arrest c. a judge in a criminal court case declaring a mistrial due to the judge's personal bias d. police questioning a rape victim and insinuating that the victim was at fault
d. police questioning a rape victim and insinuating that the victim was at fault.
Which of the following is NOT a component of lifestyle theory of victimization, though it was where the victim was at the time of the shooting? a.college lifestyle b.gang lifestyle c.criminal lifestyle d.work lifestyle
d. work lifestyle
transformative effect
early victimization making childhood victims extremely vulnerable to intimate partner violence (IPV) when they form co-residential romantic unions.
What demographic change could likely result in higher household victimization rates in the United States?
increasing urbanization
What is the importance of a Victims' Bill of Rights, which most states now have?
it allows those victimized to be alerted and aware of criminal proceedings against an offender.
How does the transformative effect of early victimization impact young victims?
it makes young victims highly susceptible to entering into abusive adult relationships.
what can serve to reduce the chances for victimization in a public space, as outlined by routine activities theory?
presence of uniformed law enforcement officers
How are lifestyle theory and victim precipitation theory similar to each other?
Both focus on the behaviors and actions of the potential victims in encouraging victimization.
intangible costs
Indirect losses suffered by crime victims, including pain and suffering, decreased quality of life, and psychological distress.
routine activities theory
The view that the volume and distribution of predatory crime are closely related to the interaction of suitable targets, motivated offenders, and capable guardians.
How can victimization typically lead to criminality?
1. victimization causes social problems: crime victims experience long term negative consequences (i.e. unemployment, personal relationships) 2. victimization causes stress and anger: victimization causes stress, anger, and strain. significant ptsd reporting. may cope with this stress by drugs and drinking (these are highly reported with criminality) 3. victimization prompts revenge: revenge may be sought out to the perpetrator/generalized characteristics (i.e. men, Hispanics). reactions become displaced and the fear of revictimization may cause victims to engage in arming themselves.
restitution agreement
Conditions of probation in which the offenders repay society or the victims of crime for the trouble the offenders caused. Monetary restitution involves a direct payment to the victim as a form of compensation. Community service restitution may be used in victimless crimes and involves work in the community in lieu of more severe criminal penalties.
What is the role of parent incarceration in factoring the cost of victimization?
It can create additional costs and victimization of families, due to the effects of parental absence.
criminal justice costs
Local, state, and federal government funds spent on police protection and investigations; legal and adjudication services, such as prosecution, public defenders, and trial costs; and the cost of both community and secure corrections programs, including counseling and other programs.
target hardening
Making one's home or business crime proof through the use of locks, bars, alarms, and other devices.
What are the correct four costs associated with victimization?
victim, criminal justice system, crime career, and intangible costs
How do victim costs differ from intangible costs?
victims costs can be financially estimated
What contributes to target gratifiability that can encourage victimization?
a target having some quality, possession, skill, or attribute that an offender wants to obtain, use, have access to, or manipulate.
Which of the following can be explained by the cycle of violence? a. Crime is genetic, predisposed and passed from generation to generation. b. The children of a violent offender dislike crime because of what they have seen at home. c. Children who are abused increasingly engage in crime as they mature. d. Criminality is perceived as a social norm for people living in disadvantaged neighborhoods.
c. Children who are abused increasingly engage in crime as they mature.
In which of the following situations would violent victimization more likely occur? a. a daytime robbery in a highly frequented part of a city b. an early morning burglary in a private residence c. a nighttime robbery in a secluded part of a city d. an afternoon burglary of a popular bank
c. a nighttime robbery in a secluded part of a city, violent victimization is most likely to occur in an open, public area (street, park, field) school building, or a commercial establishment during the day or early evening hours.
Which of the following scenarios would increase the chances of an individual being victimized as a result of passive precipitation? a. An individual at a company encourages collaboration with subordinates. b. An individual visibly flashes their wealth in an economically depressed part of town. c. An individual enters an establishment that is frequented by a racial group at odds with the individual's racial group. d. An individual at a bar makes provocative statements to a drunk, rowdy patron.
c. an individual enters an establishment that is frequented by a racial group at odds with the individual's racial group
Restitution agreements are __________. a. meant to remove an offender from society b. intended to prevent recidivism c. designed to serve as incapacitation d. conditions of probation for an offender
d. conditions of probation for an offender.
How can victimization typically lead to criminality? a. It prevents victims from delineating between right and wrong by changing their social outlook. b. It most often encourages those victimized to seek revenge on those who victimized them. c. It typically serves to remove victims from normal society. d. It can encourage negative behaviors that are meant to alleviate stress and anger.
d. it can encourage negative behaviors that are meant to alleviate stress and anger
Which of the following would increase the risks of victimization in an upscale neighborhood, under routine activities theory? a. the presence of security-hardened homes defended by cameras and gates b. strong bonds between members of the community and law enforcement c. heightened monitoring of known ex-offenders in the community d. long response times by a small, ineffectual police department
d. long response times by a small, ineffectual police department
what does the NCVC tell us of US home victimization trends?
larger homes, african american homes, urban homes, and those in the west, renters are most vulnerable to crime (in comparison to rural homes, white homes, and those in the northeast, homeowners)
caregiver stress view
parents experiencing stress are more likely to maltreat their children, (in the view of elder maltreatment) maltreatment occurs when family members caring for an impaired older adult are unable to adequately manage their caregiving responsibilities
what are the 3 theories of victimization?
routine activities theory, deviant place theory, victim precipitation theory: victim has a role in being chosen as the target
who is a typical male most likely to be victimized by?
someone they do not know
compensation
state providing funs to a victimized individual to pay for damages associated with a crime, The victim ordinarily receives compensation from the state to pay for damages associated with the crime. Rarely are two compensation schemes alike, however, and many state programs suffer from lack of both adequate funding and proper organization within the criminal justice system. Compensation may be made for medical bills, loss of wages, loss of future earnings, and counseling. In the case of death, the victim's survivors can receive burial expenses and aid for loss of support.
victim precipitation theory
victim has a role in being chosen as the target of a criminal act, idea that the victim's behavior was the spark that ignited the subsequent offense, as when the victim abused the offender verbally or physically, 2 forms