Chapter 31

The "capitulations" were humiliating concessions to the west that

held European citizens exempt from Ottoman laws and taxes

The British insisted on their right to trade opium with China because

it was the only trade good that they could sell in China at a profit

Which of the following was NOT part of Witte's policy of industrialization?

nationalization of key industries such as coal and steel

The most significant achievement of Sultan Mahmud II was the

creation of a modern army

Tanzimat legal reforms included all of the following rights EXCEPT

women's right to sue for divorce

The emancipation of Russian serfs in 1861

was achieved at the tsar's insistence; was intended to avert a revolution; brought freedom but few political rights for the peasants; did not significantly increase agricultural production

The Russian empire was defeated in the Crimean War because

Britain and France joined forces to prevent Russian expansion into the Ottoman empire

Which of the Young Turk proposals caused the most dissension in the empire?

Turkish as the official language of the empire

The capital for the early industrialization of Meiji Japan came primarily from

commercial taxes

At the end of the nineteenth century, the Ottoman empire, Russian empire, Qing dynasty, and Tokugawa Japan were "societies at crossroads" because they

discovered through wars and confrontations that they were militarily much weaker than the western powers

In China, a "sphere of influence" was a

district in which a foreign power had exclusive trade, transportation, and mineral rights

The Tokugawa shogunate was overthrown because

the Japanese were outraged by the unequal treaty forced on them by Commodore Perry

By 1913, all of the following provinces gained either independence or autonomy from Ottoman control EXCEPT

Anatolia

Which of the following was NOT a provision of the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842?

Japan gained control of the island of Taiwan

The Taiping rebellion was defeated when

Nanjing was defeated by a combined force of imperial and European soldiers

Which of the following was NOT a provision of the Meiji constitution?

The lower classes were represented in the lower chamber of the Diet

The Ottoman military had declined by the nineteenth century because

the Janissary corps was more interested in palace intrigues than in military training; the Janissaries resisted all efforts to modernize the army; many provincial rulers had private mercenary armies; Ottoman forces carried outmoded equipment

The success of the Meiji restoration depended on destroying the power of

the daimyo and samurai classes

Which of the following could be considered a contributing cause of the Russian revolution of 1905?

the lack of a representative legislative body; the defeat of Russia in the Russo-Japanese War; the Bloody Sunday massacre; the government's failure to address the inequities of land ownership

The Russian intelligentsia promoted terrorism as a strategy for political reform because

their attempts at more peaceful reform were crushed by the tsarist authorities