Chapter 31 Vocabulary

bakufu

A military government established in Japan after the Gempei Wars; the emperor became a figurehead, while real power was concentrated in the military, including the samurai

Admiral Perry

Admiral Perry was an ultraconservative dowager empress who became the power behind the throne. She crushed the most serious move toward reform in 1898. She also defied westernizers by rechanneling funds that had been raised to build modern warships into the building of a huge marble boat in the imperial gardens.

Imperial Diet

After pope condemns MLuther as a heretic, Charles the 5, the holy emperor conveans the Emperial Diet where ML dibates pulicly with Papal representative John Eck. with ML declaring neither pope nor church council has final authority over theological dispute. Pope excommunicates and ML gets buissy publishes 4thousand paphlets about priesthood of all believers.

Unequal Treaties

An unequal treaty is any of a series of treaties signed with Western powers during the 19th and early 20th centuries by Qing dynasty China after suffering military defeat by the foreign powers or when there was a threat of military action by those powers.

Capitulations

Capitulations were agreements that exempted European visitors from Ottoman law and provided European powers with extraterritoriality. Extraterritoriality is the right to exercise jurisdiction over their own citizens according to their laws. This agreement dated back to the sixteenth century when Ottomans did not want to govern foreign merchants.

Constitution of 1876

Constitution of 1876 was the first constitution of the Ottoman Empire. Written by members of the Young Ottomans, particularly Midhat Pasha, during the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1876-1909), the constitution was only in effect for two years, from 1876 to 1878 in a period known as the First Constitutional Era. Historically, however, it represented the first modern constitution in the world outside Europe and the Americas.

Duma

Duma was the elected parliament. Though through establishing this is seemed like the Czar was giving his people power, in reality he could easily get rid of this if they made any laws or such that he didn't like.

Great Reforms

Great Reforms were Alexander II's reforms as he realized that Russia was lagging behind the rest of Europe in terms of modernization. It allowed serfs to become free of their landlords. This later proved very unsuccessful as he was murdered by radicals.

Hong Kong

Hong Kong was a port acquired after by the British after the Opium War that has turned into an economic powerhouse. The British gave Hong Kong back to the Chinese in 1997

Hong Xiuquan

Hong Xiuquan was a Chinese religious leader who sparked the Taiping Uprising and won millions to his unique form of Christianity, according to which he himself was the younger brother of Jesus, sent to establish a "heavenly kingdom of great peace" on earth

Janissaries

Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826.

Tokugawa

Japanese ruling dynasty that strove to isolate it from foreign influences. shogunate started by Tokugawa Ieyasu; 4 class system, warriors, farmers, artisans, merchants; Japan's ports were closed off; wanted to create their own culture; illegal to fight; merchants became rich because domestic trade flourished (because fighting was illegal); had new forms of art - kabuki and geishas

Mahmud II

Mahmud II was an Ottoman sultan, who built a private, professional army. He fomented revolution of Janissaries and crushed them with private army and destroyed power of Janissaries and their religious allies. He also initiated reform of Ottoman Empire on Western precedents

Muhammad Ali

Muhammad Ali lived from 1769-1849. He was appointed governor of Egypt by Turkish government, built his state on the strength of an army organized along European lines, reformed the government and improved communications, established a strong and independent Egyptian state, and encouraged the development of commercial agriculture

Napoleon

Napoleon was a French general, political leader, and emperor of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Bonaparte rose swiftly through the ranks of army and government during and after the French Revolution and crowned himself emperor in 1804. He conquered much of Europe but lost two-thirds of his army in a disastrous invasion of Russia. After his final loss to Britain and Prussia at the Battle of Waterloo, he was exiled to the island of St. Helena.

Nicholas II

Nicholas II lived from 1894-1917. He was a Tsar who took the throne after Alexander II's assassination. Nicholas II was a weak ruler who used expansionist ventures to delfect attention fro domestic issues and neutralize revolutionary movements

Pogroms

Pogroms were organized violence against the Jews that broke out in many parts of Russia. Police and soldiers stood and watched as Russians looted and destroyed Jewish possessions

Sergie Witte

Sergie Witte was a leader in moving Russia towards industrialization. He kept strong fiscal connections to France as they were the ones who funded Russia's industrialization. Due to Whites Leadership, railways grew by almost 30,000 kilometers, the trans Siberian railroad was completed, coal production grew by 3X, and steel production also grew. People didn't see the benefit of Wittes high taxes.

Tanzimat Reforms

Tanzimat Reforms began under Sultan Mahmud II. On November 3, 1839, Sultan Abdülmecid issued an organic statute for the general government of the empire named the Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane. It guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes

Boxer Rebellion

The Boxer Rebellion was a rebellion in China against foreigners that occurred soon after the "Open Door" notes. It caused by foreign "spheres of influence" within the Chinese empire. It ed to no formal division of China and the world powers accepted compensation from the Chinese for damages instead.

Cohong System

The Cohong System was used in the early 1800s through the mid 1800s. It was when foreign merchants deal with specially licensed Chinese firms (cohongs). Merchants paid for Chinese silk, porcelain, lacquerware, tea with silver bullion. Cohongs had all control over foreign trade

Crimean War

The Crimean War was fought from 1853-1856. The conflict ostensibly waged to protect Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire, in actuality to gain a foothold in the Black Sea. Turks, Britain, and France forced Russia to sue for peace. The Treaty of Paris forfeited Russia's right to maintain a war fleet in the Black Sea.

Emancipation

The Emancipation was Issued by Lincoln on Sept. 22, 1862. It declared that all slaves in the rebellious Confederate states would be free. It was not applied to border states. The gov. actively enlists blacks into Union military and the abolition of slavery was a Union war goal

zaibatsu

The Kawasaki family is one example of a powerful banking and industrial family that was influential in Japan's industrialization in Japan's industrialization, the name used to refer to this type of family in Japan is

Opium War

The Opium War was a war between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories. The victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China.

Russo- Japanese War

The Russo- Japanese War was when Russia and Japan were fighting over Korea and Manchuria. It began in 1904, but neither side could gain a clear advantage and win. Both sent reps to Portsmouth, NH where Theodore Roosevelt mediated Treaty of New Hampshire in 1905. Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts.

Self-Strengthening Movement

The Self-Strengthening Movement is also known as the Westernization movement. China believed that it was important to modernize their military under the efforts of Li Hongzhang. Li built railroads to connect mines to coastal cities and dispatched children to the US for education. These students eventually returned the China to delve into engineering and diplomacy. Unfortunately, Li's philosophy of equipping China with a modernized military was not sufficient. He failed to emphasize the need to modernize the government, education system, and bureaucracy. Li also built a large naval fleet, only to be destroyed by the Japanese Navy due to the lack of modernization on the part of traditions, education, and the governmental system.

Taiping Rebellion

The Taiping Rebellion was from 1850-1864. It was a revolt by the people of China against the ruling Manchu Dynasty because of their failure to deal effectively with the opium problem and the interference of foreigners.

Treaty of Nanjing

The Treaty of Nanjing was written in 1842. It was an unequal treaty between Great Britain and China resulting from the Opium War. The treaty stated that China was to reimburse Britain for costs incurred fighting the war. The Chinese were forced to open several ports to British trade, provide Britain with complete control of Hong Kong, and grant extraterritoriality to British citizens living in China.

Alexander III

Tsar Alexander II takes over after Alexander II and stops all reforms. He makes an autocracy (oppressive monarchy) which gives him total powe. Tsar Alexander II targets Jews as he thinks they were responsible for his fathers' death and wanted to ensure that he would not get assassinated so he had his force of police watch universities because they are more liberal. He uses pogroms to target jews and also creates pale settlement

Tsar Alexander II

Tsar Alexander II was a Russian Tsar who attempted reform, but his appeasement (emancipation of serfs and the establishment of Zemstvos) led to his assassination by the People's Will

Young Ottomans

Young Ottomans were a group consisting of journalists, poets, and lower level officials. They wanted the Ottoman Empire to transform into a more European styled culture in order to armor themselves against the pressures of the Europeans. In the view of the Muslim society they declared that the society should adopt the Westernized culture, yet remain intact to core of religious character. They were successful when Sultan Abd al-Hamid when he had undertaken a constitution and elected parliament in 1876.

Young Turks

Young Turks were a coalition starting in the late 1870s of various groups favoring modernist liberal reform of the Ottoman Empire. It Against monarchy of Ottoman Sultan and favored a constitution. In 1908 they succeed in establishing a new constitutional era. Members of this group were progressive, modernist and opposed to the status quo. The movement built a rich tradition of dissent that shaped the intellectual, political and artistic life of the late Ottoman period and trancended through the decline of the Ottoman Empire and into the new Turkish state.

Zemstvos

Zemstvos were local Assemblies that provided a moderate degree of self government. Representatives of this were elected from the noble landowners, townspeople and peasants but the property based system of voting gave a distinct advantage to nobles. They were given limited power to provide public service, and levy taxes to pay for services.

Meiji reforms

returned authority to the Japanese emperor, birth of modern Japan, attempted to industrialize Japan, westernize it, sent people abroad to study, constitutional monarchy was formed

Bloody Sunday

Bloody Sunday is when, on March 7, 1965, six hundred civil rights protestors were marching from Selma to Montgomery but were stopped and attacked by state troopers at the Edmund Pettus