CHAPTER 33- Adaptive Immunity

Why is it difficult to predict the total number of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases that will result from known HIV-infected patients? a. After a person is infected, the signs of AIDS infection might not be apparent for years. b. The current treatment of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) alters the infected cells. c. Infected cells begin to change only after azidothymidine (AZT) treatment is started. d. So many people have received the vaccine that there is no way to count who actually has the infection.

a. After a person is infected, the signs of AIDS infection might not be apparent for years.

The antibody associated with allergic reaction is: a. IgE. b. IgG. c. IgM. d. IgA.

a. IgE.

The most abundant circulating antibody, the one that normally makes up about 75% of all the antibodies in the blood, is: a. IgG. b. IgA. c. IgE. d. IgM.

a. IgG.

Which antibody has 10 antigen-binding sites? a. IgM b. IgA c. IgD d. IgG

a. IgM

Macrophages sensitize: a. T cells. b. B cells. c. T cells and B cells. d. none of the above.

a. T cells.

Which is the best explanation of how immune suppression can be helpful in preventing transplant rejection? a. The immune system sometimes reacts against foreign antigens in the grafted tissue, causing what is often called a rejection syndrome. Immune suppression drugs reduce the immune system's ability to attack the foreign antigens in the donated tissue. b. Because rejection is caused by an inappropriate and excessive response to self-antigens, giving immune suppression drugs would reduce this effect. c. Rejection involves antigen-antibody reactions, mainly IgE triggered by repeated exposure to an allergen, so immune-suppression drugs would reduce the reaction to the allergen, which in this case is the transplanted organ. d. Delayed allergic response occurs with transplanted organs, so immune-suppressive drugs would reduce the allergic response and decrease rejection.

a. The immune system sometimes reacts against foreign antigens in the grafted tissue, causing what is often called a rejection syndrome. Immune suppression drugs reduce the immune system's ability to attack the foreign antigens in the donated tissue.

Macromolecules that induce the immune system to make certain responses are called: a. antigens. b. plasma proteins. c. antibodies. d. prostaglandins.

a. antigens.

In the first stage of their development, B cells are known by all the following terms except _____ B cells. a. effector b. naïve c. inactive d. virgin

a. effector

Complement can best be described as a(n): a. enzyme in blood. b. lymphokine. c. antibody. d. hormone.

a. enzyme in blood.

An immunoglobulin, or antibody molecule, consists of _____ heavy and _____ light polypeptide chains. a. two; two b. four; two c. two; four d. four; four

a. two; two

The part of the antibody that combines with the antigen is the: a. variable region. b. constant region. c. carbohydrate chain. d. complement-binding site.

a. variable region.

The constant region of the light chain in an antibody consists of _____ amino acids. a. 50 b. 77 c. 106 d. 168

c. 106

The major class of antibody present in the mucous membranes of the body is: a. IgG. b. IgE. c. IgA. d. IgD.

c. IgA.

Which antibody has two antigen-binding sites? a. IgM b. IgA c. IgG d. Both A and B

c. IgG

The antibody produced after initial contact with an antigen is: a. IgE. b. IgG. c. IgM. d. IgA.

c. IgM.

Chris has very bad allergies, especially in the springtime, and is seeking help to overcome her allergic reactions. Why would an antihistamine help Chris be more comfortable? a. It would counter the effects of the self-antigen reaction. b. It would replace the allergen with a different chemical and thus reduce her symptoms. c. It would reduce the antigen-antibody reactions caused by the allergen. d. It would reduce the amount of human leukocyte antigen in her system.

c. It would reduce the antigen-antibody reactions caused by the allergen.

Which of the following is true of lymphokines? a. They are produced by B cells. b. They inhibit macrophage activity. c. Lymphotoxin is an example of a lymphokine. d. They are produced by helper T cells.

c. Lymphotoxin is an example of a lymphokine.

Which of the following can activate complement? a. T cells b. Interferon c. Properdin d. Lymphokine

c. Properdin

The type of immunity produced by vaccination would be _____ immunity. a. active natural b. passive natural c. active artificial d. passive artificial

c. active artificial

Systemic lupus erythematosus is an example of a(n): a. B cell-mediated condition. b. T cell-mediated condition. c. autoimmune condition that is caused by self-antigens being attacked. d. isoimmune condition that is caused by self-antigens being attacked.

c. autoimmune condition that is caused by self-antigens being attacked.

Examples of lymphocytes are: a. B cells. b. T cells. c. both A and B. d. none of the above.

c. both A and B.

According to the clonal selection theory, antigens select lymphocyte clones by: a. the chemicals secreted by the lymphocytes. b. the proximity of the lymphocytes to the antigens. c. the shape of receptors on the lymphocyte's plasma membrane. d. producing toxins.

c. the shape of receptors on the lymphocyte's plasma membrane.

When a child develops measles and acquires immunity to a subsequent infection, this type of immunity is called _____ immunity. a. acquired b. natural c. active d. All of the above are correct.

d. All of the above are correct.

When an antigen attaches to a naïve B cell, it becomes a(n) _____ cell. a. memory b. plasma c. effector B d. All of the above are correct.

d. All of the above are correct.

Steven had mumps as a child. Why did he not experience symptoms at the age of 41 after he was again exposed to the mumps virus? a. He had an injection with weakened virus shortly before he was exposed. b. He had natural passive immunity to ward off the virus. c. He had artificial passive immunity that he received from his brother after he had the mumps. d. He developed active immunity as the result of having mumps as a child.

d. He developed active immunity as the result of having mumps as a child.

The antibody commonly found in tears and saliva is: a. IgE. b. IgD. c. IgM. d. IgA.

d. IgA.

The complement system can be activated by: a. the binding of complement protein 1 to the complement-binding site on the antibody molecule. b. the binding of complement protein 3 to bacteria or viruses in the presence of properdin. c. nonspecific immune mechanisms. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

Memory cells: a. immediately secrete antibodies when they are formed. b. are supporting cells and are not related to antibody production. c. are a special type of T cell. d. become plasma cells when exposed to an antigen.

d. become plasma cells when exposed to an antigen.

Which of the following is not caused by complement protein activity? a. Vasodilation b. Agglutination of antigens c. Cytolysis d. All of the above are caused by complement protein activity.

b. Agglutination of antigens

Which of the following can activate, or turn on, an inactive B cell? a. Binding to its specific antibody b. Binding to its specific antigen c. Helper T cell d. All B cells are activated when an infant is born.

b. Binding to its specific antigen

Which antibody has four antigen-binding sites? a. IgM b. IgA c. IgD d. IgG

b. IgA

The function of which antibody is basically unknown? a. IgE b. IgD c. IgM d. IgA

b. IgD

The antibody normally constituting the highest percentage of antibodies in the blood is: a. IgE. b. IgG. c. IgM. d. IgA.

b. IgG.

The predominant antibody of a secondary response is: a. IgE. b. IgG. c. IgM. d. IgA.

b. IgG.

Specific immunity is controlled by two classes of lymphocytes called: a. antigens and antibodies. b. T cells and B cells. c. red blood cells and white blood cells. d. agglutinogens and agglutinins.

b. T cells and B cells.

B cell mechanisms are classified as _____ immunity. a. nonspecific b. antibody-mediated c. cell-mediated d. Both A and B are correct.

b. antibody-mediated

When a patient starts to have rejection problems with a transplanted organ, the problems are usually caused by: a. a B cell-mediated condition. b. human leukocyte antigens (HALs). c. self-antigens. d. severe combined immune deficiency (SCID).

b. human leukocyte antigens (HALs).

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) damages the immune system by _____ cells. a. invading memory b. invading T c. overproduction of B d. overproduction of plasma

b. invading T

The chemical messengers that T cells release into inflamed tissues are called: a. pathogens. b. lymphokines. c. lymphotoxins. d. suppressor cells.

b. lymphokines.

If a blood test indicated that a person had a high level of IgM antibodies in the blood, it could be concluded that: a. the person's body is responding to a reexposure to an antigen. b. the person's body is responding to the initial exposure to an antigen. c. the person has an increasing likelihood that he will become allergic to an antigen. d. no conclusions could be made.

b. the person's body is responding to the initial exposure to an antigen.