Chapter 33

Which of the following illustrate/s humoral immunity?

C) antibodies destroying an invading pathogen

HIV-positive people track the progress of their disease with blood tests that measure the number of

C) helper T cells

The innate chemical defense substance that activates T cells and B cells is

C) interleukin

B cells and T cells are

C) lymphocytes

A patient can have antibodies against many strains of HIV. Which of the following is the main reason that an effective vaccine has not been produced for the HIV virus that causes AIDS?

D) The virus mutates rapidly, changing its outer coat

An exaggerated attack on a harmless antigen by an overly-sensitive immune system is termed a/n

D) allergy

When activated, __________ triggers a chain reaction that punctures bacterial cell membranes.

D) complement

Which of the following is a reason why fever is considered a defense mechanism?

E) All of the answer choices are correct

Antibodies are made against a very small portion of an antigen called an epitope. An epitope is often just 5-6 amino acids from a protein on an antigen. Which of the following explains how antibodies could be produced against just a small part of an antigen?

E) Macrophages engulf and digest the pathogen

Which of the following is an example of active immunity?

E) antibodies produced from a vaccine

Every year the common flu vaccine is designed to protect against three different strains of the influenza virus. How is your body able to raise antibodies against so many new forms of the flu virus?

E) by recombination of the gene used to make antibodies

The innate chemical defense produced by basophils that causes blood vessels to dilate is

E) histamine

Why is there potential for a woman's body to recognize her fetus as foreign?

A) The fetus and mother are not genetically identical

If a tumor metastasizes, some of its cells move to another part of the body. Doctors often look in lymph nodes near a tumor for signs of metastasis. Why might cancer cells be found in lymph nodes?

B) The lymphatic system collects fluids and cells from tissues

Why would AIDS patients infected with HIV be at risk for opportunistic infections and rare cancers?

B) Their immune systems are suppressed

Which of the following is an/are example/s of adaptive cell-mediated immunity?

B) a cytotoxic T cell destroying a virus-infected cell

Which of the following is an example of passive immunity?

B) a fetus acquiring antibodies through the placenta, or a person receiving an injection of antibodies

A molecule that stimulates an immune system reaction by B cells and T cells is termed a/n

B) antigen

Lymphocytes can produce millions of different types of antibodies because of a process termed

B) gene shuffling

Why would HIV infection lead to immunodeficiency?

C) HIV infects helper T cells

Many parasites are too large to be engulfed by phagocytosis. Which of the following would be effective in killing parasites?

A) complement proteins

A phagocyte is a cell that

A) engulfs other cells and debris

Every year the common flu vaccine is designed to protect against three different strains of the influenza virus. Why do scientists typically have to make a new vaccine every year?

C) The virus can mutate into new strains

White blood cells are produced

D) from bone marrow stem cells

The innate chemical defense that alerts other cells and components of the immune system to a viral infection is

D) interferons

Which of the following function primarily as phagocytes?

E) macrophages and neutrophils

Why do lymph nodes often become swollen during an infection?

C) Macrophages move to lymph nodes after engulfing pathogens

Each year there are an estimated 250,000 people who could benefit from a bone marrow transplant. What would happen to a patient who no longer had active bone marrow?

C) The patient would be immunocompromised

Rh incompatibility is due to an immune reaction to which of the following by a pregnant woman?

C) a foreign antigen on red blood cells

Which of the following is not part of the innate defense response?

C) antibody production

A primary antigen-presenting cell, a cell that presents an antigen to a helper T cell, is a

C) macrophage

Special cells produced by the immune system that are progeny of properly stimulated B cells and are antibody-producing factories are

C) plasma cells

Each year there are an estimated 250,000 people who could benefit from a bone marrow transplant. A major challenge is finding a suitable donor with matching MHC proteins. Why is it important that the MHC proteins match between the donor and recipient?

D) If they do not match, the recipient's immune system will see the donor's bone marrow as foreign

If a human fetus is ___________ and the pregnant woman is ______________, an incompatibility that destroys the red blood cells of the fetus may occur.

D) Rh-positive; Rh-negative

Which of the following vaccines would expose a person to antigen for the longest time, and thus be the least likely to require repeated booster vaccinations?

D) a live weakened pathogen

In a process called _____, an army of plasma cells and memory cells are produced from properly stimulated B cells

D) clonal selection

The type of white blood cell that develops into a macrophage is the

D) monocyte

A disease-causing agent that does not usually infect and cause disease in a person with a healthy immune system is termed a/n

D) opportunistic pathogen

Which of the following is not considered to be a major part of the immune system?

D) pancreas

A preparation that "teaches" the immune system to recognize a disease-causing agent without actually causing disease is termed a/n

D) vaccination

Physical and chemical barriers that form the first line of innate defense include

E) All of the answer choices are correct

If you transfuse type AB blood into a patient with type A blood, the patient will raise antibodies against the B antigen on the donor's blood, but will not raise antibodies against the A antigen. Why not?

A) B and T cells that recognize the A antigen will have been removed by clonal deletion

Which of the following would occur after a second round of vaccination, or booster shot?

A) High levels of IgG are released into the blood

Histamine triggers vasodilation and leakiness in blood vessels during inflammation. Why would this be beneficial in fighting an infection by a pathogen?

A) White blood cells can move into infected tissue

Immunological memory results from the production of

A) memory B cells and memory cytotoxic T cells

A Y-shaped protein that is produced in response to a specific antigen and recognizes these antigens is

B) an antibody

The primary function of a vaccine is to

B) create immunological memory without causing disease

The "master cells" of the immune system that initiate and coordinate the adaptive immune response are

B) helper T cells

A cell that does not circulate in blood, but instead settles in tissues near the skin and in the digestive tract, producing and releasing histamine when tissue is damaged is a/n

B) mast cell

The region of an antibody molecule that recognizes and binds to an antigen is the

B) variable region