Chapter 38-41: Digestive System
A hormone that stimulates the conversion of proteins to glucose is: a. ACTH. b. growth hormone. c. thyroid hormone. d. TSH.
ANS: A
An end product of fat digestion is: a. glycerol. b. glucose. c. glycogen. d. galactose.
ANS: A
Cellulose is a residue of digestion that comes from: a. carbohydrates. b. meat proteins. c. undigested fats. d. undigested connective tissue.
ANS: A
Deamination, the splitting off of an amino group from an amino acid molecule to form a molecule of ammonia and one of keto acid, is the first step in protein: a. catabolism. b. anabolism. c. metabolism.
ANS: A
Glucagon increases the activity of: a. phosphorylase. b. phosphatase. c. amylase. d. glucokinase.
ANS: A
Glucose cannot be secreted from what cells once glucose phosphorylation has occurred in them? a. Muscle cells b. Kidney cells c. Liver cells d. Intestinal mucosa cells
ANS: A
If a person's total metabolic rate (TMR) were 2400 calories, would his or her basal metabolic rate (BMR) be more or less than 2400 calories? a. Less because BMR is about 55% to 60% of the TMR. b. More because BMR is about 55% to 60% more than the TMR. c. Neither because BMR is equal to the TMR. d. Not enough information is given to determine the answer.
ANS: A
Protein, or nitrogen, balance means protein: a. anabolism equals protein catabolism. b. anabolism exceeds protein catabolism. c. catabolism exceeds protein anabolism.
ANS: A
The hormone capable of causing both protein anabolism and catabolism is: a. thyroid hormone. b. growth hormone. c. insulin. d. ACTH.
ANS: A
The hormone that inhibits gastric muscle, slowing passage of food into the duodenum, is called: a. gastric inhibitory peptide. b. enterogastrone. c. chyme. d. cholecystokinin.
ANS: A
The major final product that results from the digestion of carbohydrates is: a. glucose. b. sucrose. c. lactose. d. maltose.
ANS: A
The process of gluconeogenesis occurs in the: a. liver. b. skeletal muscle. c. brain. d. All of the above are correct.
ANS: A
Which of the following is a factor that reduces appetite? a. An increase in blood temperature reaching the hypothalamus b. A decrease in blood temperature reaching the hypothalamus c. A decrease in blood glucose d. None of the above factors has an effect on appetite.
ANS: A
Which of the following is not a property of enzymes? a. Most enzymes catalyze a chemical reaction in only one direction. b. Enzymes function optimally at a specific pH. c. Many enzymes are synthesized as inactive proenzymes or zymogens. d. Enzyme action can be inhibited or inactivated by various physical and chemical agents that change the shape of enzyme molecules.
ANS: A
Which of the following is not one of the openings that must be blocked when food moves from the pharynx into the esophagus? a. Oropharynx b. Nasopharynx c. Larynx d. Mouth
ANS: A
Which of the following is not true of glycolysis? a. It occurs in the mitochondria. b. Glucose is split into two pyruvic acid molecules. c. It is an anaerobic process. d. A specific enzyme catalyzes each step of the reaction.
ANS: A
Which of the following is the correct order of the body's energy fuel preference, starting with the first choice and ending with the third choice? a. Carbohydrates, fats, proteins b. Carbohydrates, proteins, fats c. Fats, carbohydrates, proteins d. Proteins, carbohydrates, fats
ANS: A
Which of the following is true of energy released by the breakdown of food substances? a. It is used to synthesize ATP. b. It is used to decompose ATP. c. It is changed to heat energy and used for cell functioning. d. It is used directly for cell functioning.
ANS: A
Which of the following minerals is important in the production of ATP, RNA, and DNA? a. Phosphorus b. Iron c. Calcium d. Cobalt
ANS: A
Which of the following stimulates protein synthesis? a. Testosterone b. Estrogen c. Glucagon d. ACTH
ANS: A
Which of the following substances is not transported as part of a chylomicron? a. Glucose b. Cholesterol c. Phospholipid d. All of the above are transported as part of a chylomicron.
ANS: A
Which of the following vitamins can the body make? a. Vitamin D b. Vitamin K c. Biotin d. The body can make all of the above vitamins.
ANS: A
Which process begins with acetyl CoA and produces high-energy electrons and hydrogen carrier molecules? a. Krebs cycle b. Anaerobic pathway c. Glycolysis d. Electron transport chain
ANS: A
Which step of deglutition is under voluntary control? a. Oral stage b. Pharyngeal stage c. Esophageal stage d. Gastric phase
ANS: A
A deficiency in which of the following minerals leads to thyroid enlargement and a decrease in the metabolic rate? a. Potassium b. Iodine c. Calcium d. Phosphorus
ANS: B
A person who consumes 6000 kilocalories per day and burns only 5000 kilocalories per day would gain approximately ____ pounds over a 10-day period. a. 1 b. 3 c. 5 d. 7
ANS: B
A term for substances such as iron, iodine, zinc, and manganese is: a. bulk nutrient. b. trace element. c. macromineral. d. both A and C.
ANS: B
All of the following are a result of lipid anabolism except: a. cholesterol. b. ketone bodies. c. triglycerides. d. prostaglandins.
ANS: B
An increased blood sugar level stimulates which of the following to occur? a. Glycogenolysisb. b. Glycogenesis c. Gluconeo genesis d. Glycolysis
ANS: B
Carbohydrates must be converted to which molecule before entering the citric acid cycle? a. Citric acid b. An acetyl group c. Coenzyme A (CoA) d. Pyruvate
ANS: B
Catabolism is a _____ process involving the _____ of energy. a. synthesis; release b. decomposition; release c. synthesis; use d. decomposition; use
ANS: B
Catabolism of fatty acids, without any other food product availability, causes the production of: a. glucose. b. ketone bodies. c. cholesterol. d. ADP.
ANS: B
Diets high in saturated fats and cholesterol tend to increase the blood ____ concentration. a. HDL b. LDL c. VLDL
ANS: B
Hydrolysis refers to: a. breaking down a molecule of water to hydrogen and oxygen gas. b. using water to split larger compounds into smaller ones. c. using water to build larger compounds from smaller ones. d. none of the above.
ANS: B
If 4 molecules of glucose were broken down by glycolysis, the cell would gain _____ molecules of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). a. 4 b. 8 c. 12 d. 16
ANS: B
If four molecules of glucose were broken down by glycolysis, the cell would receive _____ molecules of ATP. a. 4 b. 8 c. 12 d. 16
ANS: B
The action of phosphatase enzyme is to catalyze the: a. combination of phosphate with glucose. b. release of glucose from phosphate. c. movement of glucose through the cell membrane. d. formation of ATP.
ANS: B
The conversion of proteins to glucose is an example of: a. glycogenesis. b. gluconeogenesis. c. glycogenolysis. d. glycolysis.
ANS: B
The enzyme pepsin begins the digestion of: a. carbohydrates. b. protein. c. fat. d. nucleic acids.
ANS: B
The final product of carbohydrate digestion is a: a. disaccharide. b. monosaccharide. c. polysaccharide. d. fatty acid.
ANS: B
The hormone that has a tendency to inhibit fat catabolism is: a. ACTH. b. insulin. c. growth hormone. d. glucocorticoids.
ANS: B
The hormone that stimulates the release of bicarbonate substance from the pancreas is: a. enterogastrone. b. secretin. c. gastrin. d. cholecystokinin-pancreozymin.
ANS: B
The preferred energy fuel of the body is: a. fructose. b. glucose. c. amino acids. d. fatty acids.
ANS: B
The process by which proteins are synthesized by the ribosomes in all cells is called protein: a. catabolism. b. anabolism. c. metabolism. d. transcription.
ANS: B
The process of splitting glycogen is called: a. glycogenesis. b. glycogenolysis. c. gluconeogenesis.
ANS: B
The process of swallowing is known as: a. mastication. b. deglutition. c. peristalsis. d. segmentation.
ANS: B
The purpose of peristalsis is to: a. break apart chunks of food and mix it in digestive juices. b. propel food forward along the GI tract. c. absorb food. d. enable swallowing.
ANS: B
When classified according to the kind of chemical reactions catalyzed, digestive enzymes are referred to as _____ enzymes. a. oxidation-reduction b. hydrolyzing c. phosphorylating d. hydrase
ANS: B
Which of the following is most indicative of a normal blood sugar level? a. 60 to 80 mg/100 ml b. 80 to 90 mg/100 ml c. 110 to 125 mg/100 ml d. 135 to 150 mg/100 ml
ANS: B
Which of the following is not part of "basal conditions"? a. Awake but lying down and not moving a muscle b. In a preabsorptive state c. In a warm, comfortable environment d. All of the above are part of basal conditions.
ANS: B
Which of the following is not true of enzymes? a. They accelerate chemical reactions. b. They change chemically and are in the end products of the reaction. c. They are vital to chemical reactions. d. Many contain vitamins in their structure.
ANS: B
Which of the following minerals is important in blood cell production? a. Magnesium b. Iron c. Manganese d. Iodine
ANS: B
Which of the following names is not a term used for the aerobic breakdown of food substances? a. Citric acid cycle b. Pyruvate cycle c. Krebs cycle d. Tricarboxylic acid cycle
ANS: B
Which of the following statements is not true? a. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of all human cells. b. Glycolysis requires the use of oxygen. c. Glycolysis breaks the chemical bonds in glucose molecules and thereby releases about 5% of the energy stored in them. d. Glycolysis is an essential process because it prepares glucose for the second step in catabolism, namely, the citric acid cycle.
ANS: B
Which process produces lactate? (The Cori cycle helps repay the oxygen debt incurred by this process.) a. Krebs cycle b. Anaerobic pathway c. Glycolysis d. Electron transport chain
ANS: B
Which statement best compares the processes of anabolism and catabolism? a. Both catabolism and anabolism take place outside of the cells in the GI tract. b. Catabolism breaks food molecules down into smaller molecular compounds and, in so doing, releases energy from them. Anabolism does the opposite. c. Anabolism breaks food molecules down into smaller molecular compounds and, in so doing, releases energy from them. Catabolism does the opposite. d. Anabolism occurs when nutrient molecules enter cells, undergo many chemical changes, and release ATP for energy; catabolism doesn't release ATP.
ANS: B
ACTH affects metabolism by stimulating the release of: a. epinephrine. b. thyroxine. c. glucagon. d. glucocorticoids.
ANS: D
Malnutrition includes a deficiency or imbalance of: a. water. b. food. c. vitamins. d. both B and C.
ANS: D
Metabolic rates are expressed as: a. normal or as a percentage above or below normal. b. the number of kilocalories of heat energy expended per hour or per day. c. kilocalories per pound of body weight. d. both A and B.
ANS: D
Polysaccharides are hydrolyzed into disaccharides by enzymes known as: a. lipase. b. proteases. c. maltase. d. amylase.
ANS: D
The enzyme that catalyzes glucose phosphorylation is: a. phosphorylase. b. phosphatase. c. amylase. d. glucokinase.
ANS: D
The hormone that raises blood sugar level by causing a shift to fat catabolism is: a. ACTH. b. growth hormone. c. thyroid hormone. d. both A and B.
ANS: D
The hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile is: a. enterogastrone. b. insulin. c. gastrin. d. cholecystokinin.
ANS: D
The process of fat emulsification consists of: a. chemically breaking down fat molecules. b. the secretion of digestive juices for fat digestion. c. absorption of fats. d. breaking fats into small droplets.
ANS: D
What process uses high-energy electrons and hydrogen carriers to release energy? a. Krebs cycle b. Anaerobic pathway c. Glycolysis d. Electron transport chain
ANS: D
When the blood glucose level starts to decrease toward lower than normal: a. liver cells increase the rate at which they convert glycogen, amino acids, and fats to glucose. b. there is an increase in glycogenolysis. c. there is an increase in gluconeogenesis. d. all of the above occur.
ANS: D
Which of the following carbohydrates cannot be absorbed directly into the cells? a. Cellulose b. Polysaccharides c. Disaccharides d. None of the above carbohydrates can be absorbed directly into the cells.
ANS: D
Which of the following is a characteristic of a saturated fat? a. It is a solid at room temperature. b. It contains all the hydrogen it can hold. c. It has at least one double bond. d. Both A and B are characteristics of a saturated fat.
ANS: D
Which of the following is not true of ATP? a. It is a high-energy substance. b. It is formed by the synthesis of ADP and phosphate. c. It releases energy when split. d. It cannot be recycled after it is broken down.
ANS: D
Which of the following types of cells contains phosphatase? a. Heart b. Brain c. Muscle d. Kidney
ANS: D
Which of the processes of mechanical digestion involves the esophagus? a. Deglutition b. Peristalsis c. Churning d. Both A and B
ANS: D
Which statement best explains how orexigenic factors affect appetite? a. Orexigenic factors are hormones, neurotransmitters, and other factors that affect feeding centers in the hypothalamus that decrease appetite. b. Orexigenic factors are hormones, neurotransmitters, and other factors that affect feeding centers in the hypothalamus that stimulate appetite. c. Orexigenic factors are neurons in the ventral medial nucleus of the hypothalamus that function as a satiety center—meaning that impulses from these neurons decrease appetite so that we feel sated, or satisfied. d. Orexigenic factors are neurons in the ventral medial nucleus of the hypothalamus that function as a satiety center—meaning that impulses from these neurons increase appetite.
ANS: B
"Occurs when nutrient molecules enter the cell and undergo many chemical changes" is the textbook definition of: a. metabolism. b. anabolism. c. assimilation. d. catabolism.
ANS: C
ADP is an abbreviation for: a. aniline diphosphate. b. adenine diphosphate. c. adenosine diphosphate. d. adenosine triphosphate.
ANS: C
All of the following hormones control lipid metabolism except: a. ACTH. b. glucocorticoids. c. epinephrine. d. insulin.
ANS: C
An increase of body temperature of 1 degree Celsius will necessitate an increase in metabolism of approximately: a. 7%. b. 11%. c. 13%. d. 15%.
ANS: C
Excess glucose and amino acids are converted to: a. fatty acids. b. glycerol. c. triglycerides. d. phospholipids.
ANS: C
Glucose phosphorylation is catalyzed by which of the following enzymes? a. Amylase b. Glucokinase c. Phosphatase d. Phosphorylase
ANS: C
In which of the following cells is glucose phosphorylation reversible? a. Heart b. Pancreas c. Kidney d. Muscle
ANS: C
Structurally, enzymes are: a. lipids. b. carbohydrates. c. proteins. d. inorganic compounds.
ANS: C
The Citric Acid cycle takes place in the: a. ribosome. b. cytoplasm. c. mitochondria. d. Golgi apparatus.
ANS: C
The appetite center is located in the: a. stomach. b. small intestine. c. hypothalamus. d. cerebrum.
ANS: C
The basal metabolic rate is higher in all of the following situations except: a. youth compared with adult. b. male compared with female. c. hypothermia compared with fever. d. excess of thyroid hormone compared with the normal level.
ANS: C
The cycle in which an ATP high-energy bond is broken to yield a phosphate group, ADP, and energy and then recombined to form ATP is called the: a. conversion of monosaccharides. b. ATP conversion. c. ATP/ADP system. d. metabolic pathway.
ANS: C
The enterogastric reflex causes: a. secretion of digestive enzymes in the small intestine. b. secretion of digestive enzymes in the stomach. c. inhibition of gastric peristalsis. d. acceleration of gastric peristalsis.
ANS: C
The most common lipids in the diet are: a. phospholipids. b. cholesterol. c. triglycerides. d. prostaglandins.
ANS: C
What process has pyruvic acid and two gained ATPs as end products? a. Krebs cycle b. Anaerobic pathway c. Glycolysis d. Electron transport chain
ANS: C
Which of the following hormones is not hyperglycemic? a. Glucagon b. Glucocorticoids c. Insulin d. Epinephrine
ANS: C
Which of the following is a characteristic of an unsaturated fat? a. It is a solid at room temperature. b. It contains all the hydrogen it can hold. c. It has at least one double bond. d. None of the above are characteristics of an unsaturated fat.
ANS: C
Which of the following is a disaccharide? a. Glucose b. Starch c. Sucrose d. Glycogen
ANS: C
Which of the following is a true statement? a. The oral stage of swallowing is involuntary and under the control of the cerebral cortex. b. The pharyngeal stage of deglutition is voluntary. c. The esophageal stage of swallowing is involuntary. d. Both B and C are correct.
ANS: C
Which of the following is not a result of insulin deficiency? a. Low glycogen storage b. Slow glycogenesis c. Increased glucose catabolism d. All of the above are results of insulin deficiency.
ANS: C
Which of the following is not considered a macronutrient? a. Carbohydrates b. Calcium c. Iron d. Neither B nor C is considered a macronutrient.
ANS: C
Which of the following is not considered a micronutrient? a. Zinc b. Iodine c. Sodium d. All of the above are considered micronutrients.
ANS: C
Which of the following is true of metabolism? aIt involves both a physical and a chemical breakdown of foods. b. It occurs both inside and outside of cells. c. It involves synthesis and decomposition. d. Energy is released from the process of anabolism and catabolism.
ANS: C
Which of the following minerals is important in bone formation, blood clotting, and nerve function? a. Phosphorus b. Iron c. Calcium d. Cobalt
ANS: C
Which of the following minerals is important in stomach acid production? a. Iron b. Calcium c. Chlorine d. Sodium
ANS: C
Which of the following vitamins is not stored in significant amounts in the body and must be continually supplied to the diet? a. D b. K c. C d. E
ANS: C
Which statement explains how a diet that is low in carbohydrates would reduce the amount of fat in the body? a. Carbohydrates act as a fat sparer; therefore, fat goes through anabolism to reduce body fat. b. Certain carbohydrates called peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors metabolize fat. c. Fewer carbohydrates would result in fats moving out of adipose tissue and being catabolized. d. Fat catabolism is inversely related to the rate of carbohydrate anabolism.
ANS: C
A term for substances such as sodium, chloride, calcium, and potassium is: a. bulk nutrient. b. trace element. c. macromineral. d. both A and C.
ANS: D