Chapter 4
Name four of the five genetic risk factors for osteoporosis.
1) Sex 2) Age 3) Family history 4) Body frame size. If you are female, you have a greater risk of developing osteoporosis. The older you are, the greater your risk for developing the disease is. If you have a parent or sibling who has osteoporosis, this increases your risk for the disease. People with smaller body frames tend to have a higher risk for osteoporosis due to the lessened amount of bone mass.
List and describe the four types of bones, including function and examples.
1) Short bones: Small, cubical skeletal structures that provide limited gliding motions and serve as shock absorbers. i.e. the carpals and tarsals. 2) Flat bones: Skeletal structures that are largely flat in shape and protect underlying organs and soft tissues and also provide large areas for muscle and ligament attachments. i.e. the scapula 3) Irregular bones: Skeletal structures of irregular shape that fulfill special functions in the body. i.e. vertebrae and the sacrum 4) Long bones: skeletal structures consisting of a long shaft with bulbous ends that form the framework of the appendicular skeleton. i.e. the femur
The water content of bone makes up approximately what percentage of the total bone weight? A. 5-10% B. 15-20% C. 25-30% D. 40-50%
25-30%
After age 60, what percentage of fractures are osteoporosis related? A. 10% B. 30% C. 60% D. 90%
90%
A fracture caused by a tendon or ligament pulling a small chip of bone away from the rest of the bone is called what? A. simple fracture B. compound fracture C. avulsion fracture D. spiral fracture
avulsion fracture
Which of the following components of bone provides it with flexibility? A. water B. calcium carbonate C. calcium phosphate D. collagen
collagen
Cortical bone is strongest in resisting which type of stress? A. tensile stress B. shear stress C. compressive stress D. none of the above
compressive stress
Which of the following is an example of a flat bone? A. talus B. maxilla C. radius D. scapula
scapula
Bone ______________ refers to the increase in bone mass.
hypertrophy
How do bones typically respond to stress? A. atrophy B. hypertrophy C. no change, as long as the epiphysis has sealed D. it is impossible to predict how a bone will respond to stress
hypertrophy
The tarsals are examples of what type of bones? A. long bones B. short bones C. flat bones D. irregular bones
long bones
An epiphyseal injury can terminate __________________ bone growth.
longitudinal
When a skier's body rotates in a direction opposite of the foot (held steady by the boot), what type of fracture is likely in the tibia? A. spiral B. impacted C. depressed D. stress
spiral
Which of the following terms is defined as deformation divided by original length? A. stress B. strain C. strength D. elasticity
strain
37. Which type of fracture results from repeated loading of relatively low magnitude? A. spiral B. impacted C. depressed D. stress
stress
Which of the following is part of the appendicular skeleton? A. the skull B. the humerus C. the sternum D. all of the above
the humerus
Which of the following is an irregular bone? A. radius B. rib C. femur D. vertebrae
vertebrae
Which of the following activities would likely produce the greatest bone mineral density? A. swimming B. cycling C. walking D. all of the above would provide equal contribution to bone health
walking
Explain the female athlete triad.
The female athlete triad consists of the following diseases: disordered eating, amenorrhea (absence of menstruation), and osteoporosis (reduced bone mineral density that predisposes individuals to fractures). The female athlete triad involves a combination of the following factors: 1) low energy availability, which may occur with or without disordered eating, 2) menstrual dysfunction, with amenorrhea, or the absence of menses, being the worst case, and 3) diminished bone mineral density.
Which of the following is a possible symptom of osteoporosis? A. vertebral crush fractures B. reduced body height C. dowager's hump D. all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following is part of the axial skeleton? A. the skull B. the vertebrae C. the sternum D. all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following is true regarding Osgood-Schlatter's disease? A. It occurs at the tibial tubercle where the patellar tendon attaches. B. It is more common in children than adults. C. It is an epiphyseal injury. D. both A and B E. all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following is true regarding epiphyseal plate injuries? A. These injuries can terminate longitudinal bone growth. B. These injuries can result from acute trauma. C. These injuries can result from repetitive loading of a low magnitude. D. both A and B E. all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following is/are known risk factor(s) for developing osteoporosis? A. smoking B. calcium deficiency C. excessive caffeine consumption D. all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following is/are part of the "female athlete triad"? A. osteoporosis B. disordered eating C. cessation of menses D. both A and B E. all of the above
all of the above
Appropriate strategies to lessen the likelihood of acquiring osteoporosis include which of the following? A. adequate dietary calcium intake B. regular weight-bearing exercise C. both A and B D. none of the above
both A and B
In a child, severe injury to an epiphysis may result in which of the following? A. premature closure of the epiphyseal junction B. termination of bone growth C. both A and B D. none of the above
both A and B
Loss of bone mass has been found in which of the following? A. bed-ridden patients B. astronauts C. tennis players D. both A and B E. all of the above
both A and B
Undesirably low body weight in young female athletes can lead to what? A. amenorrhea B. osteoporosis C. menopause D. both A and B E. all of the above
both A and B
Which of the following factors can predispose runners to stress fractures? A. increased training duration or intensity without allowing time for bone remodeling B. abrupt changes in running surface C. both A and B D. runners are not predisposed to stress fractures
both A and B
Which of the following is true regarding greenstick fractures? A. They are incomplete fractures. B. They are caused by bending or torsional loads. C. They are more common in adults than children. D. both A and B E. all of the above
both A and B
Which of the following statements is/are true regarding bone growth? A. When bone remodeling occurs, bone mass may stay the same. B. When bone remodeling occurs, bone mass may decrease. C. When bone modeling occurs, bone mass increases. D. both A and B E. all of the above
both A and B
Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the strength of bone? A. Cortical bone can withstand more stress than trabecular bone. B. Trabecular bone can withstand more strain than cortical bone. C. both A and B D. none of the above
both A and B
Which of the following statements regarding bone growth is true? A. Longitudinal growth continues only as long as the epiphyses exist. B. Circumferential growth continues throughout most of the lifespan. C. both A and B are true D. neither A nor B is true
both A and B are true
Summarize the recommendations from the ACSM pronouncement on "Physical Activity and Bone Health" for children and adolescents
ACSM recommends children and adolescents to perform weight-bearing exercises during their pre-pubic years, increasing growth hormone and maximize bone density. Consuming plenty of vitamin D and calcium is important in reaching maximum bone density as well. Also, avoiding smoking and excessive caffeine or protein consumption could help bone health in children and adolescents.
Where is articular cartilage located? A. It covers all bone surfaces. B. It covers all bone surfaces at articulations. C. It covers all long bone surfaces. D. It covers all long bone surfaces at articulations.
It covers all long bone surfaces at articulations.
___________________________________ is the fracture resulting from repeated loading of relatively low magnitude.
Stress fracture
Explain Wolff's law, including why it is important.
Wolff's law indicates that bone strength increases and decreases as the functional forces on the bone increase and decrease. Wolff's law is important in the explanation for individuals for may have broken a bone or received a fracture. This allows for therapeutic exercises to be undergone, allowing for the strengthening of the affected area.
The "female athlete triad" can result in which of the following? A. stress fractures B. irreversible bone loss C. death D. both A and B E. all of the above
all of the above
What happens when osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity? A. bone hypertrophy B. bone modeling C. increased bone mass D. all of the above
all of the above
What is the most common symptom of osteoporosis? A. frequent headaches B. joint pain in the extremities C. back pain derived from vertebral fractures D. swelling of the distal extremities
back pain derived from vertebral fractures
Which of the following occurs in the absence of gravitational forces? A. bone hypertrophy B. bone atrophy C. bone modeling D. all of the above
bone atrophy
What happens when osteoclast activity exceeds osteoblast activity? A. bone mass increases B. bone modeling C. bone mass decreases D. none of the above
bone mass decreases
Which of the following is known as the longitudinal "growth center" of a bone? A. osteoclast B. periosteum C. osteoblast D. epiphysis
epiphysis
Which of the following could contribute the most in preventing or prolonging osteoporosis? A. girls jumping rope before puberty B. boys running after puberty C. middle-age women walking before menopause D. all of the above are of equal importance
girls jumping rope before puberty
Specialized bone cells that build new bone tissue are called what? A. periosteum B. osteoblasts C. osteoclasts D. epiphysis
osteoblasts
A condition of reduced bone mineral density that predisposes the individual to fractures is called ___________________.
osteopenia
Reduced bone mass and density without the presence of a fracture defines what? A. osteoporosis B. osteopenia C. osteoblast D. osteoclast
osteopenia
__________________ refers to an excessive loss of bone mass and strength resulting in one or more fractures.
osteoporosis
Which of the following terms is used to describe bone with relatively high porosity? A. cortical B. trabecular C. spongy D. all of the above
trabecular