chapter 4

Salivary glands Liver Gallbladder Pancreas

- Produce and secrete salivary amylase - Produce and secretes bile -Release bile into duodenum - Produce and secrete the majority of digestive enzymes

Mouth Stomach Small intestine matches Large intestine Esophagus

-Begins the chemical digestion of starch - muscular sac that can hold up to 4 cups of food -Major site of chemical digestion and absorption -Elimination of waste products - Transfer of food from mouth to stomach

Which of the following are functions of the stomach?

-Secretes chemical messengers that regulate digestion -Produces and secretes HCl -Begins chemical digestion of protein

Choose helpful strategies to reduce the risk of heartburn.

-do not wear tight belts or clothes with tight waistbands -lose excess body weight -do not overeat at mealtimes

characteristics of simple diffusion.

-the movement of a nutrient from higher concentration to an area of lower concentration -many water-soluble vitamins, lipids, and some minerals are absorbed this way -does not require energy

Arrange the parts of the small intestine in order they appear in the GI tract (starting at the beginning of the small intestine).

1-duodenum 2-jejunum 3-ileum

How much bile does the liver make every day?

2 to 4 cups

_________ is a process of absorption that requires energy and a carrier protein.

Active transport

Cholecystokinin stimulates the gallbladder to release ______

Bile

________ is a process of absorption which requires a carrier protein but no energy.

Facilitated diffusion

Identify three organs that are an important part of the digestive system

Gallbladder Pancreas Liver

.......are thickened regions of muscle that function like valves to control the flow of contents at various points in the GI tract

Intestinal sphincters

Which of the following can contribute to constipation?

Lack of dietary fiber Low water intake Changes in routine

After food enters the stomach, what constricts closing the opening between the esophagus and the stomach?

Lower gastroesophageal sphincter

functions of the liver?

Makes cholesterol Manufactures bile

the two organs that produce most of the digestive enzymes

Small intestine Pancreas

The acid in the ________ helps to activate digestive enzymes, makes proteins easier to digest, and kills many disease causing microorganisms.

Stomach

The pyloric sphincter regulates the flow of chyme from the into the.......... small intestine.

Stomach

Which definition best describes absorption?

Substances are taken up from the GI tract and enter the bloodstream or the lymph

A primary purpose of the villi is to increase the _______ of the small intestines in order to enhance absorption rates.

Surface area

How is the stomach lining protected by the stomach's acidic environment?

a mucus lining.

the digestive system.

accessory organ and GI tract

The liver uses cholesterol to make _________?

bile

The main function of small intestine........... is to emulsify fat, thus assisting in fat digestion.

bile

When an intestinal sphincter contracts, it _____ the passageway and restricts the flow at that point in the digestive tract.

closes

Simple diffusion is when a nutrient moves from the lumen where it is in _____ concentration to the absorptive cell where the nutrient is in _____ concentration.

higher, lower

What is the benefit of the thick layer of mucus that lines the stomach?

it protects the stomach wall from being damaged by acid and digestive enzymes

Constipation can be caused by a diet that is........... in fiber and water.

low

Hydrochloric acid contributes to the ______ pH of gastric juice

low

Which of the following regulates the flow of chyme from the stomach into the small intestine

pyloric sphincter

GI tract

stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Accessory organs

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas