Chapter 4
"Each science has a domain, which is the perspective of the discipline. This domain: A) Represents the recipients of the benefits of the science or discipline B) Is a model that explains the linkage of science, philosophy, and theory that is accepted and applied by the discipline C) Describes the subject, central concepts, values and beliefs, phenomena of interest, and central problems of the discipline D) Is a dynamic state of being in which the developmental and behavioral potential of the individual is realized to the fullest"
C - The domain contains the subject, central concepts, values and beliefs, phenomena of interest, and the central problems of the discipline. A paradigm is a model that explains the linkage of science, philosophy and theory that is accepted and applied by the discipline.
"Maslow's hierarchy of needs is useful to nurses, who must continually prioritize a client's nursing care needs. The most basic or first-level needs include: A) Self-actualization B) Love and belonging C) Air, water, and food D) Esteem and self-esteem"
C - The first level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs includes the need for air, food, and water—basic elements of survival. Love and belonging are on the second level, esteem and self-esteem are on the fourth level, and self-actualization is the final level.
"There is a contemporary move toward addressing nursing as a science or as evidenced-based practice. This suggests that: A) One theory will guide nursing practice. B) Scientists will make nursing decisions. C) Theories will be tested to describe or predict client outcomes. D) Nursing will base client care on the practice of other sciences."
C - Theories will be tested to describe or predict client outcomes as nursing is addressed as a science and an art. Scientists will not make nursing decisions, and nursing will base client care on the practice of nursing science, which will be guided by multiple theories.
"As an art, nursing relies on knowledge gained from practice and reflection on past experiences. As a science, nursing relies on: A) Experimental research B) Nonexperimental research C) Physician-generated research D) Scientifically tested knowledge"
D - As a science, nursing draws on scientifically tested knowledge applied in the practice setting.
"A theory is a set of concepts, definitions, relationships, and assumptions or propositions to explain a phenomenon. The purposes of the components of a theory are to: A) Describe concepts or connect two concepts that are factual B) Formulate a perceptual experience to describe or label a phenomenon C) Express the global view about the individual, situations, or factors of interest to a specific discipline D) Describe, explain, predict, and/or prescribe interrelationships among the concepts that define the phenomenon"
D - Describing, explaining, predicting, and/or prescribing interrelationships among concepts are stated purposes of research.
"Mishel's theory of uncertainty in illness focuses on the experience of clients with cancer who live with continual uncertainty. The theory provides a basis for nurses to assist clients in appraising and adapting to the uncertainty and illness response and can be described as: A) A grand theory B) A descriptive theory C) A prescriptive theory D) A middle-range theory"
D - Middle-range theories are limited in scope, less abstract than grand theories, address specific phenomena or concepts, and reflect practice. Grand theories are described as broad and complex. Prescriptive theories address nursing interventions and predict the consequence of a specific nursing intervention. Descriptive theories describe phenomena, speculate as to why the phenomena occur, and describe the consequences of phenomena.
"Evidence-based nursing practice is the end result of: A) Prescriptive theory B) Use of practical knowledge C) Application of theoretical knowledge D) Theory-generating and theory-testing research"
D - The result of theory-generating or theory-testing research is to increase the knowledge base of nursing. As these research activities continue, clients become the recipients of evidence-based nursing care.
"Nursing's paradigm includes: A) Health, person, environment, and theory B) Concepts, theory, health, and environment C) Nurses, physicians, models, and client needs D) The person, health, environment/situation, and nursing"
D - Nursing's paradigm includes four linkages: the person, health, environment/situation, and nursing.
"Theories that are broad and complex are: A) Grand theories B) Descriptive theories C) Middle-range theories D) Prescriptive theories"
A - Grand theories are described as broad and complex. Middle-range theories are limited in scope, less abstract, address specific phenomena or concepts, and reflect practice. Descriptive theories describe phenomena, speculate as to why the phenomena occur, and describe the consequences of phenomena. Prescriptive theories address nursing interventions and predict the consequence of a specific intervention.
"Nursing theories focus on the phenomena of nursing and nursing care. Which of the following is true of phenomena? A) They are aspects of reality that can be consciously sensed or experienced. B) They convey the general meaning of concepts in a manner that fits the theory. C) They are statements that describe concepts or connect two concepts that are factual. D) They are mental formulations of an object or event that come from individual perceptual experience."
A - Phenomena are defined as aspects of reality that can be consciously sensed or experienced.
"Leininger's theory of cultural care diversity and universality specifically addresses: A) Caring for clients from unique cultures B) Understanding the humanistic aspects of life C) Identifying variables affecting a client's response to a stressor D) Caring for clients who cannot adapt to internal and external environmental demands"
A - The goal of Leininger's theory is to provide the client with culturally specific nursing care, in which the nurse integrates the client's cultural traditions, values, and beliefs into the plan of care.
"A theory is a set of concepts, definitions, relationships, and assumptions that: A) Formulates legislation B) Explains a phenomenon C) Measures nursing functions D) Reflects the domain of nursing practice"
B - A theory is a set of concepts, definitions, relationships, and assumptions that explains a phenomenon. Theories do not formulate legislation, measure nursing functions, or reflect any domain of nursing practice.
"Which theories describe an orderly process beginning with conception and continuing through death? A) Systems theories B) Developmental theories C) Interdisciplinary theories D) Stress and adaptation theories"
B - Developmental theories discuss human growth from conception to death. The other options are incorrect.
"The nursing paradigm identifies four linkages of interest to the nursing profession. These four linkages are: A) Concepts, definitions, relationships, and assumptions B) The person, health, environment/situation, and nursing C) The individual, groups, situations, and interests specific to nursing D) Description, explanation, prediction, and prescription of an interrelationship of nursing"
B - Identified linkages of a nursing paradigm are the person, health, environment/situation, and nursing itself. Concepts, definitions, relationship, and assumptions are components of a theory. The individuals, groups, situations, and interests specific to nursing are potential subjects for middle-range theories. Description, explanation, prediction, and prescription of an interrelationship of nursing are purposes of nursing theory.
"The nursing theory that emphasizes the delivery of nursing care for the whole person to meet the physical, emotional, intellectual, social, and spiritual needs of the client and family is: A) Rogers' theory B) Abdellah's theory C) Henderson's theory D) Nightingale's theory"
B - The question describes the nursing theory developed by Fay Abdellah and others. Rogers' theory considered the individual as an energy field existing within the universe. Henderson's theory defines nursing as "assisting the individual, sick, or well, in the performance of those activities that will contribute to health, recovery, or a peaceful death." Nightingale viewed nursing as providing fresh air, light, warmth, cleanliness, quiet, and adequate nutrition.
"The nursing process is an example of an open system. An open system: A) Is universal and dynamic B) Represents a relationship between two concepts C) Interacts with the environment by exchanging information D) Is a process through which information is returned to the system"
C - An open system is defined as a system that interacts with the environment, exchanging information between the system and the environment.
"To practice in today's health care environment, nurses need a strong scientific knowledge base in nursing and other disciplines, such as the physical, social, and behavioral sciences. This relates to which of the following? A) Systems theories B) Developmental theories C) Interdisciplinary theories D) Health and wellness model"
C - Interdisciplinary theories provide a systematic view of a phenomenon. Developmental theories, health and wellness theories, and systems theories are examples of other types of theories.
"Which of the following statements about prescriptive theories is accurate? A) They describe phenomena. B) They have the ability to explain nursing phenomena. C) They reflect practice and address specific phenomena. D) They provide a structural framework for broad abstract ideas."
C - Prescriptive theories address nursing interventions for a phenomenon and predict the consequence of a specific nursing intervention. Descriptive theories describe the phenomena, speculate on the reason the phenomena occur, and predict nursing phenomena. Grand theories are broad and complex and provide a structural framework for broad, abstract ideas about nursing.
"The type of theory that tests the validity and predictability of nursing interventions is: A) A grand theory B) A descriptive theory C) A prescriptive theory D) A middle-range theory"
C - Prescriptive theory addresses nursing interventions and predicts the consequence of a specific nursing intervention. Middle-range theories are limited in scope, less abstract than grand theories, address specific phenomena or concepts, and reflect practice. Descriptive theories describe phenomena, speculate as to why the phenomena occur, and describe the consequences of phenomena. Grand theories are broad and complex.