Chapter 4
Low context cultures
Rely on explicit explanations with emphasis on spoken words, get down to business first
Monochronic
Rigid orientation to time in which the individual is focused on schedules, punctuality, time as a resource, time is money
two major Christian organizations are...
Roman Catholic and Orthodox Church
Acculturation
The process of adjusting and adapting to a culture other than ones own, commonly experienced by expatriate workers
Socialization
The process of learning the rules and behavioral patterns appropriate to ones society
Ethnocentric orientation
Using our own culture as the standard for judging others
enthrocentrism
belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group or culture
Weber believed in a relationship between protestantism and modern ___________?
capitalism
most rigid form of social stratification divided by inherited social status
caste system
long term vs short term orientation
delaying gratification of material needs
the US economy is ___________ because it is impacted by the philosophy of individualism
dynamic
economic implications of Islam
hold property as trustees, rather than as owners and cannot earn profit through exploitation of others
3 values central to the Confucian system of ethics that may have lead to economic success in some Asian countries?
honesty in dealing with others, loyalty, and reciprocal obligations
social mobility
how difficult or easy it is for an individual to move out of the social strata into which they are born
western society values _____ over _______?
individuals over groups
nation-states
join the political entity of a state to the cultural entity of a nation
determinants of culture
language, education, social structure, religion, political philosophy, economic philosophy
Hofstede's 5th added dimension
long-term vs short term orientation
building blocks of confucianism
loyalty, honesty in dealing with others, and reciprocal obligations
mores
norms that are more widely observed, have greater significance than folkways, and are central to the functioning of a society and to its social life
power distance dimension
people are not equal in physical capabilities
Hofstede's 4 dimensions
power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism vs. collectivism, and masculinity vs femininity
Islamic mudarabah contracts are similar to what in the US?
profit-sharing schemes
According to Weber, thrift, efficiency, and hard work are the result of a person's belief in the ethics of...
protestantism
folkways
routine conventions of everyday life ex) appropriate dress code
social strata
societies divided on a a hierarchical basis into social categories
dharma
the Hindu belief that behaviors and responsibilities govern individual conduct
individualism vs collectivism
the degree to which people in a society are integrated into groups
uncertainty avoidance
the degree to which societies are willing to tolerate uncertainty and risk
Masculinity vs. Femininity
the relationship between gender and work roles
cross cultural literacy
understanding how cultural differences across and within nations affect the way business is practiced
confucianism
used to be official ethical system of China, teaches the importance of attaining personal salvation through right action
value
what is good and right
Geocentric Orientation
when an international firm adopts a systems approach to strategic decision making that emphasizes global integration
mudarabah
when an islamic bank lends money to a business, rather than charging that business interest on the loan, it takes a share in the profits that are derived from the investment
4 principles of social stratification
-it is a trait of society, not a reflection of individual differences -it carries over a generation to the next generation -it is generally universal but variable -involves not just inequality but also beliefs
Polychronic
A flexible, non-linear orientation to time in which the individual takes a long term perspective, time is elastic, long delays are tolerated before taking action. Punctuality is relatively unimportant
Poly centric orientation
A mindset in which the manager develops a greater affinity for the country in which he or she works than for the home country
Culture
An evolving set of collective beliefs, values, norms, mores, attitudes and behavior characteristics of a particular social group
High context cultures
Emphasize nonverbal or indirect language, establish social trust first
nirvana
Hindu; a state of complete spiritual perfection that renders reincarnation no longer necessary
karma
Hindu; the spiritual progression of each person's soul
