Chapter 4
Psychologist Harold Kelley's model of attribution has three dimensions, which are: A) consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency. B) consistency, external factors, and managerial implications. C) consensus, conformity, and internal factors. D) internal factors, external factors, and conformity. E) individualism, collectivism, and assertiveness.
A) consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency. Feedback: Learning Objective: 04-03 Topic: Causal Attributions Blooms: Remember AACSB: Analytic Level of Difficulty: Easy Page: 92 Explanation: Psychologist Harold Kelley hypothesized that people make causal attributions after gathering information about three dimensions of behavior: consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency.
When the iPod was released, there was speculation in the marketplace that the sales of Apple's Mac laptops would increase because of the success of the iPod. This belief was based on the perception that the customers who had a great experience with the iPod would buy a Mac computer simply because it is made by Apple Inc. It can be said that the judgment was influenced by the _____ effect. A) halo B) leniency C) recency D) contrast E) semantic
A) halo Feedback: Learning Objective: 04-01 Topic: A Social Information Processing Model of Perception Blooms: Apply AACSB: Reflective Thinking Level of Difficulty: Hard Page: 88 Refer: Table 4-1 Explanation: In the case of the halo effect, the rater forms an overall impression about an object and then uses that impression to bias ratings about the object.
Which of the following is at the center of the diversity wheel? A) Age B) Personality C) Race D) Appearance E) Income
B) Personality Feedback: Learning Objective: 04-04 Topic: Defining and Managing Diversity Blooms: Remember AACSB: Diversity Level of Difficulty: Easy Page: 96 Refer: Figure 4-3 Explanation: Personality is at the center of the diversity wheel. It represents a stable set of characteristics that is responsible for a person's identity."
What stage of the social information processing model deals with encoding and simplification? A) Stage 1 B) Stage 2 C) Stage 3 D) Stage 4 E) Stage 5
B) Stage 2 Feedback: Learning Objective: 04-01 Topic: A Social Information Processing Model of Perception Blooms: Remember AACSB: Analytic Level of Difficulty: Easy Page: 85 Refer: Figure 4-1 Explanation: Social perception involves a four-stage information processing sequence. Figure 4-1 illustrates a basic social information processing model. Three of the stages in this model—selective attention/ comprehension, encoding and simplification, and storage and retention—describe how specific social information is observed and stored in memory.
In the second stage of the stereotyping process, we: A) categorize people into groups according to various criteria, such as gender, age, race, and occupation. B) infer that all people within a particular category possess the same traits or characteristics. C) form expectations of others and interpret their behavior according to the schemata. D) maintain the stereotype by differentiating minority individuals from oneself. E) deny that differences exist.
B) infer that all people within a particular category possess the same traits or characteristics. Feedback: Learning Objective: 04-01 Topic: A Social Information Processing Model of Perception Blooms: Understand AACSB: Analytic Level of Difficulty: Easy Page: 87 Explanation: Stereotyping is a four-step process. It begins by categorizing people into groups according to various criteria, such as gender, age, race, and occupation. Next, we infer that all people within a particular category possess the same traits or characteristics.
_____ represents any thoughts or beliefs that are automatically activated from memory without our conscious awareness. A) Schema B) Production deficiency C) Implicit cognition D) Causal attribution E) Cognitive dissonance
C) Implicit cognition Feedback: Learning Objective: 04-02 Topic: A Social Information Processing Model of Perception Blooms: Remember AACSB: Analytic Level of Difficulty: Easy Page: 90 Explanation: Implicit cognition represents any thoughts or beliefs that are automatically activated from memory without our conscious awareness.
Something is said to be salient when it: A) is easy to remember. B) is interpreted or translated into mental representations. C) stands out from its context. D) is equivalent to a number of other objects. E) first comes to our attention.
C) stands out from its context. Feedback: Learning Objective: 04-01 Topic: A Social Information Processing Model of Perception Blooms: Remember AACSB: Analytic Level of Difficulty: Easy Page: 85 Explanation: Something is salient when it stands out from its context.
_____ represents the multitude of individual differences and similarities that exist among people. Answers: Self-serving bias Central tendency Contrast effects Fundamental attribution bias Diversity
Diversity Response Feedback: Diversity represents the multitude of individual differences and similarities that exist among people.
Andrew's belief that blondes are less wise and politicians are always corrupt would be considered as a(n): A) event memory. B) attribution. C) glass ceiling. D) semantic memory. E) stereotype.
E) stereotype. Feedback: Learning Objective: 04-01 Topic: A Social Information Processing Model of Perception Blooms: Apply AACSB: Analytic Level of Difficulty: Hard Page: 86 Explanation: A stereotype is an individual's set of beliefs about the characteristics or attributes of a group.
Kathy hates to say anything negative about anybody. She always evaluates everybody in an extremely positive fashion. Kathy seems to be exhibiting which of the following perceptual errors? Answers: Self-serving bias Central tendency Contrast effects Leniency Halo
Leniency Response Feedback: Leniency is a personal characteristic that leads an individual to consistently evaluate other people or objects in an extremely positive fashion. Refer: Table 4-1
_____ is the cognitive process that enables us to interpret and understand our surroundings. Answers: Personality Attitude Perception Ethics Diversity
Perception Response Feedback: Perception is a cognitive process that enables us to interpret and understand our surroundings.
_____ memory refers to general knowledge about the world. Answers: Event Conceptual Semantic Person Stereotypic
Semantic Response Feedback: Semantic memory refers to general knowledge about the world.
Ethnocentrism: Answers: manifests itself in the belief that differences are viewed as weaknesses. represents the feeling that one's cultural rules and norms are more appropriate than the rules and norms of another culture. is associated with the lack of opportunities for diverse employees to get the type of work assignments that qualify them for senior management positions. leads to subtle resistance that shows up in the form of complaints and negative attitudes. states that women and people of color are excluded from organizational networks.
represents the feeling that one's cultural rules and norms are more appropriate than the rules and norms of another culture. Response Feedback: The ethnocentrism barrier represents the feeling that one's cultural rules and norms are superior or more appropriate than the rules and norms of another culture.
The primary goal of which of the following options, used to address diversity, is to either increase or decrease the number of diverse people at all levels of the organization? A) Include/Exclude B) Deny C) Assimilate D) Tolerate E) Isolate
A) Include/Exclude Feedback: Learning Objective: 04-06 Topic: Organizational Practices Used to Effectively Manage Diversity Blooms: Remember AACSB: Diversity Level of Difficulty: Easy Page: 108 Explanation: The include/exclude choice is an outgrowth of affirmative-action programs. Its primary goal is to either increase or decrease the number of diverse people at all levels of the organization.
Which of the following is one of the main functions of the perception process? A) Recognition of objects B) Creating negative bias C) Rating an individual in an extremely positive fashion D) Consciously developing implicit cognition E) Increasing cognitive dissonance
A) Recognition of objects Feedback: Learning Objective: 04-01 Topic: A Social Information Processing Model of Perception Blooms: Remember AACSB: Analytic Level of Difficulty: Easy Page: 84 Explanation: Perception is a cognitive process that enables us to interpret and understand our surroundings. Recognition of objects is one of this process's major functions.
It is important to remember that _____ relates to other people, _____ relates to other tasks, and _____ relates to time. Answers: consensus; consistency; distinctiveness distinctiveness; consistency; consensus consensus; distinctiveness; consistency consistency; consensus; distinctiveness consistency; distinctiveness; consensus
consensus; distinctiveness; consistency Response Feedback: It is important to remember that consensus relates to other people, distinctiveness relates to other tasks, and consistency relates to time.
Long-term memory is made up of three compartments. They are: Answers: events, semantic materials, and people. encoding, decoding, and processing. individual, group, and organization. storage, retention, and response. perception, personality, and attitude.
events, semantic materials, and people. Response Feedback: Long-term memory is made up of three compartments (or wings) containing categories of information about events, semantic materials, and people.
The _____ reflects one's tendency to attribute another person's behavior to his/her personal characteristics, as opposed to situational factors. Answers: central tendency effect self-serving bias fundamental attribution bias recency effect leniency effect
fundamental attribution bias Response Feedback: The fundamental attribution bias reflects one's tendency to attribute another person's behavior to his/her personal characteristics, as opposed to situational factors. This bias causes perceivers to ignore important environmental forces that often significantly affect behavior.
The personal characteristics that are believed to affect behavior are: Answers: schematics. internal factors. perceptions. external factors. semantics.
internal factors. Response Feedback: Fritz Heider, the founder of attribution theory, proposed that behavior can be attributed either to internal factors within a person (such as ability) or to external factors within the environment (such as a difficult task).
If Nicole does things differently from the rest of her group, then she seems to be demonstrating: Answers: low distinctiveness. high consistency. low consistency. high consensus. low consensus.
low consensus. Response Feedback: There is high consensus when one acts like the rest of the group and low consensus when one acts differently.
Attribution theory is based on the premise that: Answers: people judge events on the basis of the recent information received by them. we create cognitive categories for each piece of information. events are stored in the form of pictures in our memory. people tend to avoid extreme judgments while rating someone's performance. people attempt to infer causes for observed behavior.
people attempt to infer causes for observed behavior. Response Feedback: Attribution theory is based on the premise that people attempt to infer causes for observed behavior.
Something is _____ when it stands out from its context. Answers: schema cognitive salient self-serving encoded
salient Response Feedback: Something is salient when it stands out from its context.
The _____ bias suggests that employees will attribute their success to internal factors and their failures to uncontrollable external factors. Answers: fundamental attribution central tendency leniency self-serving recency
self-serving Response Feedback: The self-serving bias suggests employees will attribute their success to internal factors (high ability or hard work) and their failures to uncontrollable external factors (tough job, bad luck, unproductive co-workers, or an unsympathetic boss).
The _____ represents one's tendency to take more personal responsibility for success than for failure. Answers: self-serving bias glass ceiling contrast effect fundamental attribution bias recency effect
self-serving bias Response Feedback: The self-serving bias represents one's tendency to take more personal responsibility for success than for failure.
A(n) _____ is an individual's set of beliefs about the characteristics or attributes of a group. Answers: schema cognitive category stereotype attribution semantic
stereotype Response Feedback: A stereotype is an individual's set of beliefs about the characteristics or attributes of a group.
