CHAPTER 4 &5
Cytoplasm
fluid and structures inside the cell but outside the nucleus
Muscle fiber cells are similar to other types of animal cells in that they are surrounded by a ________ and contain __________ However, unlike most animal cells, they contain ___________ that are arranged in a line, giving the muscle fiber cells their ________ shape. In addition, each muscle fiber cell has ___________ whereas most animal cells have __________ and muscle cells have a specialized ___________
plasma membrane many mitochondria. contractile units their cylindrical multiple nuclei, one nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum.
Golgi apparatus
processes and packages proteins, lipids, and other molecules
Cytoskeleton
provides structural shape and support and enables cellular movement
nucleolus
ribosomal subunits assembled here
Plasma membrane
semi-permeable barrier, separates inside from outside of cell
Small, uncharged molecules, such as oxygen molecules (O2), move across a cell membrane via: active transport. exocytosis. simple diffusion. osmosis. facilitated diffusion.
simple diffusion.
A reduction in carbon dioxide (CO2)(CO2) would result in fewer _____________molecules being produced by the synthesis reactions.
simple sugar
In salt water, salt is the _______ and water is the ________
solute solvent.
In a cup of instant sports drink, the drink powder is the _______ and the water is the ________
solute solvent.
In nail polish removed with nail polish remover (acetone), the nail polish is the _________and the acetone is the___________
solute solvent
Curing meat has been used for centuries as a method of preservation. When meat, such as pork or fish, is cured, it is packed in large quantities of salt. Salt is a ____________so it creates a ______________environment when it is added to the extracellular environment of the meat cells in large quantities. Water, which is a is ______________drawn _______________the cells of the meat through _____________which causes the meat ______________ to ____________This process preserves the meat because bacteria that could cause the meat to spoil are deprived of water. Conversely, consider the process of rehydrating freeze-dried food. When water is added to freeze-dried food, it creates an environment that is _________________to the cells of the dried food. Water is drawn______________ the food, causing it to rehydrate.
solute, hypertonic solvent of the osmosis dry. hypotonic into
In soda water, water is the ___________ and carbon dioxide is the ______________
solvent solute.
In household vinegar, water is the ___________ and acetic acid is the ____________
solvent solute
Smooth ER
synthesizes lipids and detoxifies molecules
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum: synthesizes lipids and detoxifies molecules. processes and packages proteins, lipids, and other molecules. directs cellular activity and stores hereditary information. modifies proteins that will be shipped elsewhere in the organism. digests and recycles cellular waste products and consumed materials.
synthesizes lipids and detoxifies molecules.
Plasma membranes are selectively permeable, or semipermeable, meaning that the membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell. the membrane allows substances to enter the cell, but not to exit. the membrane allows substances to pass through freely. the membrane allows only water, but not solutes, to enter and leave the cell.
the membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell.
What would happen if a patient were given an IV solution containing 0.03% saline solution by mistake? the patient's red blood cells would shrivel and shrink the patient's red blood cells would stay the same size the patient's red blood cells would expand and rupture
the patient's red blood cells would expand and rupture
Plant growth is inhibited at lower light and water levels because there is less ATP and NADPH for the synthesis reactions, thus slowing the rate of photosynthesis. the photo reactions produce less DNA for cell division, which reduces growth. the photo reactions produce less ATP for cell division, which reduces growth. there is less oxygen (O2)(O2) produced for the synthesis reactions, thus slowing the rate of photosynthesis.
there is less ATP and NADPH for the synthesis reactions, thus slowing the rate of photosynthesis.
The proton pumps in your stomach are examples of primary active transport. How do proton pumps work? Proton pumps act as transport proteins, simultaneously moving protons into the stomach against the concentration gradient while letting other molecules flow out of the stomach. Proton pumps allow H+ ions (or protons) to diffuse across the plasma membrane into the stomach. Cells lining the stomach use ATP to pump large numbers of protons into the stomach, against the concentration gradient. Proton pumps split ADP into ATP and phosphate. In the process, the pumps change shape, pushing protons across the plasma membrane. Large or polar molecules are moved across the membrane by proton pumps from an area of high solute concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Cells lining the stomach use ATP to pump large numbers of protons into the stomach, against the concentration gradient.
Which statement is a correct comparison between facilitated and simple diffusion? -Facilitated diffusion can function at a very high rate, whereas simple diffusion is always relatively slow. -Facilitated diffusion requires a channel or carrier molecule to move molecules across the plasma membrane, whereas molecules pass directly through the plasma membrane in simple diffusion. -Facilitated diffusion is necessary to maintain equilibrium inside the cell, whereas simple diffusion is not necessary for cellular function. -Facilitated diffusion uses transport proteins on the membrane's surface, whereas simple diffusion uses transport lipids. -Facilitated diffusion uses a facilitated diffusion carrier, whereas simple diffusion uses a simple diffusion carrier.
Facilitated diffusion requires a channel or carrier molecule to move molecules across the plasma membrane, whereas molecules pass directly through the plasma membrane in simple diffusion.
What will happen if Li continues to ingest sugar when his mitochondria are working as fast as they can? Glucose will continue to enter his muscle cells and glycolysis will keep making pyruvate, ATP, and NADH. The citric acid cycle will start directly breaking down glucose instead of pyruvate. Glucose will stop entering his muscle cells until his mitochondria can catch up. Glycolysis will keep making pyruvate and ATP, but will make extra ATP instead of also making NADH.
Glucose will continue to enter his muscle cells and glycolysis will keep making pyruvate, ATP, and NADH.
Match each set of reactions with its purpose. Glycolysis Citric acid cycle Electron transport chain
Glycolysis partial breakdown of glucose Citric acid cycle electron harvesting Electron transport chain Bulk ATP production
Identify the statements that accurately compare the products of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. The carbon dioxide (CO2)(CO2) produced by the citric acid cycle can be converted to glucose by glycolysis. Less carbon dioxide (CO2)(CO2) is produced by the citric acid cycle than by glycolysis. Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle each produce two molecules of ATP for each molecule of glucose. The citric acid cycle produces more electron carrier molecules than glycolysis does.
Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle each produce two molecules of ATP for each molecule of glucose. The citric acid cycle produces more electron carrier molecules than glycolysis does.
Along with the rough and smooth ER, what is the third compartment of the endomembrane system, and what is its function? ribosomes: the site of protein transcription vesicles: packages of proteins surrounded by cell membranes that sort the proteins and lipids for packaging Golgi apparatus: finishes the processing of the proteins and sorts them for export out of the cell peroxisomes: vesicles that break down unwanted forms of lipids lysosomes: membrane-bound organelles that digest and recycle cellular wastes
Golgi apparatus: finishes the processing of the proteins and sorts them for export out of the cell
mitochondrion
Harvests energy for cellular function
Imagine that Niles and Sierra's bean plants experience a carbohydrate shortage due to inadequate water, light, or storage. What overall effects might this have on the plants? fewer leaves more ATP shorter plant height more flowers fewer beans
Imagine that Niles and Sierra's bean plants experience a carbohydrate shortage due to inadequate water, light, or storage. What overall effects might this have on the plants? fewer leaves more ATP shorter plant height more flowers fewer beans
Moving molecules against the concentration gradient requires the input of energy from the cell. This process is called: diffusion. active transport. passive transport. exocytosis. osmosis.
active transport.
There are two types of cellular respiration: aerobic, which requires oxygen (O2),(O2), and anaerobic, which does not. The type of respiration represented in this animation is _________
aerobic.
centriole
assists in cell division
Beta-blocker drugs: can cause sweating and trembling. bind to the cytoplasmic side of beta-receptor proteins. may cause a spike in blood pressure. block adrenaline from binding to beta-receptor proteins. amplify the effects of adrenaline on the heart.
block adrenaline from binding to beta-receptor proteins.
Transport vesicles: return to the Golgi apparatus to be reused after they have delivered their proteins. bud off from the endoplasmic reticulum. deposit their protein cargo to only one destination in the cell, the golgi apparatus. fuse with the nuclear membrane to deliver important enzymes, such as polymerase. synthesize lipids and carbohydrates.
bud off from the endoplasmic reticulum.
Plant growth is inhibited when not enough compost is applied because there are not enough nutrients to build macromolecules for growth such as phospholipids, DNA, and proteins. fuel the photo reactions, thus slowing the rate of photosynthesis. fuel the synthesis reactions, thus slowing the rate of photosynthesis. sustain transpiration, preventing production of phospholipids, DNA, and proteins.
build macromolecules for growth such as phospholipids, DNA, and proteins.
The inputs of cellular respiration are oxygen and sugar. The outputs are: nitrogen, water, and energy. water and carbon. carbon dioxide and water. carbon dioxide, water, and energy. carbon dioxide and energy.
carbon dioxide, water, and energy.
By weight, the bulk of a plant's organic material is derived from: oxygen. water. atmospheric nitrogen. soil minerals. carbon dioxide.
carbon dioxide.
Each round of glycolysis produces two molecules of ATP. Identify the processes that these ATP molecules might be used for in muscle cells. facilitated diffusion cell division active transport protein synthesis muscle contraction
cell division active transport protein synthesis muscle contraction
Which processes would occur in a plant experiencing drought conditions in which very little water (H2O)(H2O) is available? storage of carbohydrates in the chloroplasts storage of carbohydrates in the roots extraction of carbohydrates from the roots extraction of carbohydrates from the chloroplasts
extraction of carbohydrates from the roots extraction of carbohydrates from the chloroplasts
Given that IV solutions typically contain 0.9% saline, which solution could be in the beaker that contains the hypertonic solution? 0.9% saline 0.05% saline 4% saline
4% saline
A reduction in light and/or water (H2O)(H2O) would result in fewer ___________ molecules being produced by the photo reactions, meaning that the synthesis reactions would not have enough cellular energy and electrons to proceed.
ATP and NADPH
As energy is released by the reactions of cellular respiration, cells capture and store it in the bonds of: chlorophyll molecules. water molecules. sugar molecules. carbon dioxide molecules. ATP molecules.
ATP molecules.
Mitochondria convert the energy stored in food molecules into carbon dioxide, water, and: oxygen. NADH. ADP. ATP. glucose.
ATP.
Why is oxygen (O2)(O2) still required during anaerobic exercise, such as sprinting or biking up a hill? Anaerobic respiration requires oxygen to generate large amounts of ATP. Anaerobic respiration relies on glycolysis to generate ATP, and glycolysis requires oxygen. Anaerobic and aerobic respiration work simultaneously to generate the maximum amount of ATP. Anaerobic exercise limits the amount of available oxygen, and ATP cannot be produced without oxygen.
Anaerobic and aerobic respiration work simultaneously to generate the maximum amount of ATP.
Use the interactive to classify each statement as describing the aerobic process, the anaerobic process, or both processes. Anaerobic process Aerobic process Both processes
Anaerobic process breaks down glucose into lactate occurs without oxygen (O2)(O2) Aerobic process requires mitochondria produces a large amount of ATP breaks down glucose into carbon dioxide (CO2)(CO2) and water (H2O(H2O) Both processes includes reactions that occur in the cytoplasm requires glucose
What happens to the carbon dioxide (CO2)(CO2) produced in Li's mitochondria during the citric acid cycle? It is used to produce carbohydrates in the liver. It is eliminated through urine. It is digested in the stomach. It is exhaled through the lungs.
It is exhaled through the lungs.
In the absence of adequate carbohydrate stores, what effect(s) might a decreased rate of photosynthesis have on cellular respiration in mitochondria? Select all that apply. Less ATP would be produced. More carbon dioxide would be produced. Less water would be produced. More water would be produced. Less carbon dioxide would be produced. More ATP would be produced.
Less ATP would be produced. More carbon dioxide would be produced. Less water would be produced.
Niles and Sierra have learned that adding more of an ingredient for photosynthesis does not always lead to more plant growth. For example, adding too much compost or fertilizer to a plant can make the soil too salty and draw water (H2O)(H2O) out of the roots. Similarly, adding too much water by overwatering can inhibit plant growth by damaging the roots. Select all of the ways in which damage to the roots would affect Niles and Sierra's plants. Less water would be absorbed and transported throughout the plant. Fewer molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2)(CO2) would be absorbed and transported into plant cells. Short-term carbohydrate storage and transport among the leaves would be disrupted. Fewer nutrients would be absorbed and transported throughout the plant.
Less water would be absorbed and transported throughout the plant. Fewer nutrients would be absorbed and transported throughout the plant.
Which statement about mitochondria is false? Most of the energy-converting chemical reactions performed by mitochondria occur on the heavily folded inner membrane. Mitochondria harvest energy to be used for cellular functions. Mitochondria generally wear out after about 10 days of intensive activity. Mitochondria are found only in animal cells. Mitochondria are found only in eukaryotes.
Mitochondria are found only in animal cells.
Electrons sourced from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are delivered to the electron transport chain by the electron carriers _______The energy from the electrons is used to pump _________ from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space to contribute to a concentration gradient that will ultimately power ATP production. Eventually, the electrons are combined with ________ to make __________
NADH and FADH2. protons (H+) oxygen (O2) and protons (H+) water (H2O).
Which statement regarding the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration is false? Photosynthesis produces glucose and oxygen, whereas cellular respiration produces carbon dioxide and water. In photosynthesis, the sun provides the energy to power the reactions, whereas in cellular respiration, the released energy is captured and stored by cells. Photosynthesis is the energy-acquiring stage, and cellular respiration is the energy-releasing stage. Photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide and water, whereas cellular respiration requires oxygen and glucose. Photosynthesis is the energy-releasing stage, and cellular respiration is the energy-acquiring stage.
Photosynthesis is the energy-releasing stage, and cellular respiration is the energy-acquiring stage.
Which statement about secondary active transport is true? Secondary active transport, unlike primary active transport, does not require energy to move molecules across a membrane. Secondary active transport requires the input of energy to move two molecules down their concentration gradient. Secondary active transport allows large molecules to diffuse across a membrane with the help of a transport protein. Secondary active transport couples the movement of one molecule against its concentration gradient while letting another flow down its concentration gradient. Secondary active transport relies directly on ATP to fuel molecular movement across the plasma membrane.
Secondary active transport couples the movement of one molecule against its concentration gradient while letting another flow down its concentration gradient.
Determine which form of membrane transport is occurring in each example. Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion Osmosis Active transport
Simple diffusion: An oxygen molecule in the extracellular environment travels directly through the plasma membrane into the intracellular environment where there is less oxygen. Facilitated diffusion: A sodium ion passes through the plasma membrane using a transmembrane protein into an area of lower sodium ion concentration Osmosis: Water travels across the plasma membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration Active transport: a glucose molecule uses a transmembrane protein to move from the extracellular environment to the intracellular environment where there is already a high concentration of glucose, expending ATP in the process.
Ribosomes
Sites of protein synthesis
Order the locations in the path that water must take to be used for photosynthesis from first to last. First location Last location The addition of carbon dioxide (CO2)(CO2) from the atmosphere enabled the chloroplasts to build ________
Soil root cell xylem leaf vein leaf cell chloroplast sugars.
Which is not a way in which the cell's surface membrane interacts with the exterior environment? The cellular surface receives and transmits incoming messages. The cellular surface mediates interactions with extracellular material. The cellular surface facilitates the interior organelle organization of the cell. The cellular surface controls active and passive transport across the membrane. The cellular surface mediates attachments to other cells.
The cellular surface facilitates the interior organelle organization of the cell.
What would happen if the amount of oxygen (O2)(O2) available was reduced? Glycolysis could not split glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. Pyruvate breakdown in the citric acid cycle would produce more electron carrier molecules. The citric acid cycle would produce half as many molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2).(CO2). The electrons from food molecules could not be used to make a proton (H+)(H+) gradient to power ATP synthase.
The electrons from food molecules could not be used to make a proton (H+)(H+) gradient to power ATP synthase.
Which choice describes diffusion? The movement of a substance down its concentration gradient from a region where it is less concentrated to an area where it is more concentrated. The movement of a substance up its concentration gradient using ATP and transport proteins across a cell membrane. The movement of a substance from a region where it is more concentrated to a region where it is less concentrated, down its concentration gradient. The movement of a substance across a cell membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, up its concentration gradient.
The movement of a substance from a region where it is more concentrated to a region where it is less concentrated, down its concentration gradient.
How can you tell the rough ER and the smooth ER apart? The rough ER is located within the nucleus. The smooth ER has ribosomes on its surface. The smooth ER is located closer to the nucleus than the rough ER. The smooth ER is located within the nucleus. The rough ER has ribosomes on its surface.
The rough ER has ribosomes on its surface.
Which is a possible outcome for the ADP molecules produced in the muscle fibers? They can be converted into lactate during anaerobic respiration. They can be linked together to build new muscle fibers. They can be used to make carbohydrates for use in cellular respiration. They can be converted back into ATP in the mitochondria or cytoplasm.
They can be converted back into ATP in the mitochondria or cytoplasm.
Red food coloring is dropped into a bowl of water. The molecules of food coloring move about randomly, bumping into each other, until they are evenly distributed. This is an example of: electron transport. receptor-mediated transport. active transport. endocytosis. diffusion.
diffusion.
Lysosome
digests and recycles cellular waste products and consumed material
nucleus
directs cellular activity and stores hereditary information
During cellular respiration, the majority of ATP is produced when glucose is broken down by glycolysis to produce ATP, NADH, and two molecules of pyruvate. electrons are used to make a proton (H+)(H+) gradient that powers ATP synthase in the electron transport chain. the citric acid cycle converts succinyl‑CoA to succinate.
electrons are used to make a proton (H+)(H+) gradient that powers ATP synthase in the electron transport chain.
Plant growth is inhibited at lower levels of carbon dioxide (CO2)(CO2) because there is not enough carbon dioxide to produce DNA by photosynthesis, thus lowering the rate of cell division. for the photo reactions, thus slowing the rate of photosynthesis. to produce ATP by photosynthesis, thus lowering the rate of cell division. for the synthesis reactions, thus slowing the rate of photosynthesis.
for the synthesis reactions, thus slowing the rate of photosynthesis.
Based on the variables you can change in the interactive, what are the required ingredients for cellular respiration? water (H2O)(H2O) glucose (sugar) carbon dioxide (CO2)(CO2) oxygen (O2)(O2) adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
glucose (sugar) oxygen (O2)
Phospholipids assemble spontaneously into bilayers driven by the attraction of their "tail" portions to each other and of their "head" portions to each other. The tail regions are: hydrophilic. attracted to carbons in the membrane. cohesive. hydrophobic. adhesive.
hydrophobic.
If a cell is put into a solution with a lower concentration of solute than is present inside the cell, the solution is _____. The cell will _____. If a cell is put into a solution with a higher concentration of solute than is present inside the cell, the solution is _____. The cell will _____. hypertonic; swell; hypotonic; shrink hypotonic; swell; hypertonic; shrink hypotonic; shrink; hypertonic; swell hypertonic; shrink; hypotonic; swell hypertonic; die; hypotonic; divide
hypotonic; swell; hypertonic; shrink
Identify the different areas or parts of a cell. The internal environment of a cell. _____________________ The external environment of a cell. _____________________ The boundary of a cell, made up of a phospholipid bilayer. _____________________ A molecule that spans the boundary of a cell, allowing substances to pass through. _____________________
intracellular environment extracellular environment plasma membrane transmembrane protein
During osmosis, water will move from an area with a(n) _____ concentration of solutes to an area which has a(n) _____ concentration of solutes. distinct; similar lesser; greater greater; lesser high; equal low; equal
lesser; greater
What is the main function of photosynthesis? release oxygen into the atmosphere harvest energy from glucose harvest energy from carbon dioxide make green plant material make sugars for food
make sugars for food
Which combination represents the smallest amounts of solar radiation and carbon dioxide (CO2)(CO2) needed to produce prize‑winning plants for Sierra and Niles? high solar radiation, low CO2CO2 high solar radiation, medium CO2CO2 medium solar radiation, high CO2CO2 medium solar radiation, medium CO2CO2 low solar radiation, high CO2CO2 low solar radiation, low CO2CO2 low solar radiation, medium CO2CO2 medium solar radiation, low CO2CO2 high solar radiation, high CO2
medium solar radiation, medium CO2
Which cellular component provides most of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for a muscle fiber cell? contractile band plasma membrane nucleus mitochondrion sarcoplasmic reticulum
mitochondrion
Rough ER
modifies proteins that will be shipped elsewhere in the organism
Uphill biking requires _______ muscle contractions and thus _________ than Li can make with ________
more more ATP molecules the aerobic respiration process alone.
The inputs of photosynthesis are sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide. The outputs are: water and carbon dioxide. oxygen and water. oxygen and sugar. ATP and water. carbon and nitrogen.
oxygen and sugar.
