Chapter 4: Body Basic

How is the stomach lining protected by the stomach's acidic environment?

a mucus lining

The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are part of the digestive system but are considered to be _____ structures.

accessory

The normal pH of blood is slightly _____.

alkaline

The chemical breakdown of starch that occurs in the mouth is due to the enzyme action of______.

amylase

Enzymes______.

are recyclable speed up chemical reactions

Cells in the body______.

are specialized to perform specific functions

The mixture of gastric juices and partially digested food formed in the stomach is called

chyme

The main function of the gastroesophageal sphincter is to______.

close the opening between the esophagus and the stomach

Nutrition therapy for mild cases of constipation includes______.

consuming more fiber daily

Choose the statements that accurately describe gut microbiota.

content of microbiota varies from person to person includes viruses, fungi, and bacteria located in the large intestine The roles of microbiota are being researched to determine if they have a role in the prevention and treatment of diseases.

The stomach empties in about ____ hours depending on the contents and size of the meal.

3-4

Choose the true statements about the pH scale.

A solution with a pH of 4.0 has a H+ concentration and is more acidic than a solution with a pH of 12.0. The scale ranges from 0 to 14. Tomatoes have a pH of 4.0, therefore are more acidic than an egg with a pH of 8.0.

Choose the chemicals that function as an enzyme.

ATPase sucrase lactase

The cells complete digestion and remove nutrients from chyme and transfer them into capillaries or lymph vessels.

Absorptive

The inflammatory bowel disease that typically affects the last section of the small intestine and the beginning of the colon is called _____.

Crohn's disease

Which of the following best describes the passage of feces from the body?

Feces remain in the rectum until moved into the anal canal and out the anus.

Waves of muscular contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract are called

Peristalsis

Humans are a mixture of chemicals which are organized into _____.

cells

The majority of the digestion and absorption occurs in the______.

duodenum jejunum

To remedy constipation, you should______.

eat more fiber

A molecule that speeds up a chemical reaction is called a(n)______.

enzyme

List the organs in the order they occur in the gastrointestinal tract.

esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine rectum

GERD can be worsened by _____.

excess body fat smoking cigarettes drinking alcohol

What is the general name for a group of diseases that cause inflammation and swelling of the intestines?

inflammatory bowel disease

What can metabolize undigested food, make vitamins and neurotransmitters, and produce substances that the colon can use for energy?

intestinal bacteria

A condition characterized by the imbalance of the normal diversity of microbial populations in the GI tract is called

intestinal dysbiosis

The acidic environment of the stomach is beneficial in______.

killing disease causing microorganisms partially digesting protein activating some digestive enzymes

The intestine doesn't have villi.

large

Components of saliva include______.

lingual lipase salivary amylase

The hollow space in an organ that is surrounded by walls is called the______.

lumen

The small intestine and the ____ produce most of the digestive enzymes.

pancreas

Select the two organs that produce most of the digestive enzymes.

pancreas small intestine

The contraction of muscles in the esophagus is called______.

peristalsis

Soybeans, berries, garlic, barley, kale, and legumes are rich sources of______.

prebiotics

Certain brands of yogurt contain microbes called _____ designed to improve gut health.

probiotics

Live, beneficial intestinal microbes (primarily bacteria or yeast) that have been grown under laboratory conditions are called______.

probiotics

salivary glands liver gallbladder pancreas

produce and secrete salivary amylase produces and secretes bile releases bile into duodenum Produces and secretes the majority of digestive enzymes

Choose common treatments for colorectal cancer.

radiation therapy biological therapy chemotherapy surgery

Lingual lipase and salivary amylase are two components of the liquid called , which is produced by glands in the mouth.

saliva

Almost all of the macronutrients are digested and absorbed in the intestine.

small

Choose the substances that are considered bases.

sodium hydroxide household ammonia baking soda

Amylase is the enzyme needed to digest ______.

starch

Prompt treatment for diarrhea is especially important for______.

the elderly infants

A collection of cells with similar characteristics and functions join together into larger masses called ______.

tissue

Self-contained, living structures that have similar characteristics and functions join together to form

tissue

What type of nutrients are absorbed into the hepatic portal vein and eventually to the liver before they enter the general circulation?

water-soluble compounds

A cancer that develops in the colon or the rectum and is the second-leading cause of cancer deaths is called cancer.

Colorectal

What is responsible for the development of most stomach ulcers?

H. pylori

Choose the true statements about colorectal cancer.

a cancer that develops in either the colon or the rectum signs include diarrhea, constipation, or pencil-thin stools second-leading cause of cancer deaths among adults

A(n) loses hydrogen ions when dissolved in water, whereas a(n) accepts hydrogen ions when dissolved in water.

acids, bases

A condition characterized by frequent bowel movements with loose stools is called

diarrhea

The mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines are major structures of the

digestive system

Which of the following contribute to heartburn?

drinking alcohol smoking cigarettes having excess body fat

Which of the following represents the sections of the small intestine in order?

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Which of the following is a symptom of GERD?

gagging nausea hoarseness

The length of time it takes for the stomach to empty______.

is influenced by the amount of food and type of nutrients consumed varies with the amount of liquid consumed

The villi facilitate absorption of nutrients in the small intestine by______.

moving nutrients from chyme into blood or lymph

A slippery, alkaline substance that protects the stomach from its acid and digestive enzymes is called _____.

mucus

The name for the cellular structure that stores the genetic material that directs protein synthesis in the cell is

nucleus

Treatment for diarrhea in infants and older adults______.

should be prompt to prevent rapid dehydration

Choose the statements that are true about inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

It is a general name for a group of diseases that cause inflammation and swelling of the intestines. The cause is unknown. Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are the two most common forms.

Identify the part of the cell responsible for genetically controlling the actions that occur in the cell.

Nucleus

The names of most enzymes end with

ase

duodenum jejunum ileum

bicarbonate (an alkaline fluid) is secreted here absorption of nutrients occurs in the upper part minimal absorption occurs here

One substance responsible for the digestion and absorption of fat in the small intestine is______.

bile

The liver uses cholesterol to make _____.

bile

Which type of therapy, used to treat colorectal cancer, involves using antibodies that detect and bind to colorectal cancer cells interfering with the cells ability to grow and spread?

biological therapy

Homeostasis can be disrupted by ______.

changes in the cell's external environment changes in the cell's internal environment lengthy periods of sickness

The pH of the blood______.

is maintained by buffers ranges between 7.35 and 7.45 is slightly alkaline

The hepatic portal vein takes water-soluble nutrients to the ______.

liver

The uses cholesterol to make bile.

liver

Which of the following are considered accessory organs to digestion?

liver gallbladder pancreas

Constipation can be caused by a diet that is in fiber and water.

low

The is the open space inside a structure such as the small intestine.

lumen

The acid in the ________ helps to activate digestive enzymes, makes proteins easier to digest, and kills many disease causing microorganisms.

stomach

Choose the statements that accurately describe Crohn's disease.

symptoms include abdominal cramps, loss of appetite, and weight loss affects the entire GI tract, including the mouth affects deep layers of the intestines

What is the most common type of inflammatory bowel disease?

ulcerative colitis

Under normal circumstances, ______ carbohydrate, protein, and fat escape digestion and absorption in the small intestine.

very little

The lining of the small intestine is covered with _____, and the surface of each villus is covered with _____.

villi; absorptive cells

An unpleasant experience but helpful because it prevents toxic substances from entering the small intestine is referred to as _____.

vomiting

The ability to control the external anal sphincter voluntarily usually occurs by ______ years of age.

4

What are causes of diarrhea?

More water than normal is secreted into the GI tract and the GI tract absorbs less water than normal.

The is a flap of tissue that prevents food from entering the larynx and trachea during food consumption.

epiglottis

is the relatively constant internal environment in the body that is critical for good health and survival.

homeostasis

What are some common causes of vomiting?

intense pain migraine headaches hormonal changes in pregnancy rotating movements of the head

Starvation, antibiotic use, and excessive emotional stress are factors that can cause _____.

intestinal dysbiosis

A cell______.

is specialized to perform a particular function is the smallest functional unit of an organism

In contrast to the small intestine, the large intestine______.

lacks digestive enzymes lacks villi has increased bacterial action

Segmentation differs from peristalsis in that segmentation _____.

mixes chyme through a back and forth movement

List the organs of digestive tract in order, from start to finish.

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

An organism that has a digestive system that can adjust to alterations in nutritional composition or amounts of food consumed by increasing the production of digestive enzymes is called a(n)______.

omnivore

What are forms of dietary fiber that are poorly digested by humans but support and promote the growth of probiotics in the colon?

prebiotics

Which of the following is a function of the pancreas?

secretes bicarbonate ions to neutralize HCl

An organism that can digest and absorb nutrients from plants, animals, fungi, and even bacteria is called a(n)

Omnivore

Ringlike muscular contractions followed by relaxations that are designed to help to mix the chyme in the small intestine are called

Segmentations

The breakdown of food due to the action of enzymes would be an example of______.

chemical digestion

A substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by ordinary chemical or physical means is called a(n)______.

element

When swallowing a bite of food, the ______ closes over the trachea to allow the bolus to enter the esophagus.

epiglottis

The large intestine is home to viruses, fungi, and bacteria that are collectively called _____.

gut microbiota

Which of the following can contribute to constipation?

low water intake lack of dietary fiber changes in routine

After food enters the stomach, what constricts closing the opening between the esophagus and the stomach?

lower gastroesophageal sphincter

Which of the following are functions of the liver?

makes cholesterol manufactures bile

The mixing of food by muscular contractions is an example of______.

mechanical digestion

The absorptive cells of the villus _____.

move nutrients from chyme into intestinal blood move nutrients from chyme into lacteals

Most ulcers are now attributed to infection with H. pylori. Other risk factors that may contribute to the development of an ulcer include______.

smoking heavy alcohol consumption regular use of NSAIDs (anti-inflammatory drugs).

Chyme is formed in the______.

stomach

Choose the true statements about ulcerative colitis.

Symptoms include abdominal cramps, rectal bleeding, diarrhea, weight loss, and anemia. It is the most common type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Ulcers form in the inner lining of the large intestine.

What transports chylomicrons to the bloodstream from the absorptive cells?

lymphatic fluid

Chylomicrons are transported by _____ and eventually enter the bloodstream via a vein near the heart.

lymp

The role of beneficial bacteria in the large intestine is to______.

make some vitamins and neurotransmitter metabolize undigested food