Chapter 4 but 8 in the book PSYCH

Arrange Erikson's first four childhood stages of socioemotional development in the correct order.

1.trust versus mistrust 2.autonomy versus shame and guilt 3.Initiative versus guilt 4.idustry versus inferiority

According to Piaget, during what period is the formal operational stage predominant?

12 years through adulthood

According to Piaget, during which age range does the preoperational stage occur?

2 to 7 years

According to Piaget, conservation is which of the following?

A belief in the permanence of an object despite superficial changes

Elliott is a 2-year-old toddler. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, this means that he is in the preoperational stage. Which of the following is true of this stage? (Select all that apply.)

A child's thinking in this stage is limited because it is egocentric. Children have difficulty in this stage understanding the concept of reversible operations.

Which of the following are examples of schemas? (Select all that apply.)

A concept that exists at a given moment in a person's mind A framework used for organizing information

Which of the following exemplify Piaget's theory of accommodation? (Select all that apply.)

A young girl calls all adult males "daddy" but soon learns there are important differences and develops new schemas to reflect them. A young boy calls all liquids "milk," but over time, he learns that there are important differences and develops new schemas to reflect them.

Which of the following is typical of the concrete operational stage, according to Piaget? (Select all that apply.)

Abstract thinking is not yet developed. It involves logical reasoning.

According to Piaget's theory, which of the following occurs when people adjust schemas to new information?

Accommodation

Which of the following is the best example of "nature" in the context of the nature-nurture influence?

Biological inheritance

_________occurs when an individual fits new information into existing schemas, whereas______________ happens when an individual changes their schemas in response to new information.

Blank 1: Assimilation Blank 2: accommodation

An expectation of how a male or female should think, act, and feel is referred to as a __________-

Blank 1: gender Blank 2: role

The______ -_______ theory of development focuses on cognitive processes such as attention, memory, and problem solving.

Blank 1: information Blank 2: processing

What type of development is characterized by improved capacity to process information and understand the world due to advancing age and experience?

Cognitive development

Which of Piaget's stages occurs from ages 7 to 12 years and is characterized by logical thought, reversibility, and the loss of egocentrism?

Concrete operational

Which approach to infant cognitive development is based on the idea that babies are born with "prewired" knowledge systems that allow them to make sense of their worlds?

Core knowledge approach

According to Vygotsky, scaffolding is which of the following?

Created by interacting with expert thinkers who spur cognitive development

What is the primary focus of Vygotsky's theory of development?

Culture

________refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout the course of life.

Development

Steven, a toddler, is reading a book and sees a picture he is interested in. "Look, Mommy," he shouts, "a horse." He does not show the picture to his mother but assumes that she is able to see it as he sees it. This exemplifies which of the following of Piaget's concepts?

Egocentrism

Henry, who is 4 years old, understands that you can roll a ball of clay out into a long "snake" shape but not that there is the same amount of clay whether the clay is in a ball or in a long, thin rope. This is an illustration of which of Piaget's concepts in which of Piaget's stages?

Operations in Piaget's preoperational stage

Which of the following examples represent "nurture" influences? (Select all that apply.)

Peer pressure Nutrition in early childhood

Which of the following best represent the influence of gender roles? (Select all that apply.)

Prior to World War II, men in the United States were considered the breadwinners. In a particular culture, women are expected to take care of the house and children. A young boy goes to school wearing a pink shirt, and his classmates ask him why.

What are the mechanisms by which gender schemas develop? (Select all that apply.)

Reinforcement and punishment Observational learning

Which of Piaget's stages occurs from birth to 2 years age, during which time a child has little capacity to represent the environment with language or other symbols?

Sensorimotor

Baby Shanelle uses her mother as a "base" from which to explore the environment. What does this mean, according to Ainsworth?

Shanelle is securely attached.

Which of the following are examples of cognition? (Select all that apply.)

Solving problems Being able to speak and understand words Imagining a future occupation

Which of these is the best definition of attachment?

The close emotional bond formed between child and caregiver

In which of the following ways is operational thought tested in the concrete operational stage, according to Piaget's theory?

Through the principle of reversibility

Baby X was one of Mary Ainsworth's participants in the "strange situation" procedure. When his mother left the room, he responded with distress and then raged at her when she returned. This classified him as _____.

an insecurely attached infant

Newborns reflexively suck everything that touches their lips. Their experience in sucking various objects allows them to _____ those objects into schemas of taste, texture, shape, and so on. After several months of experience, they _____ the sucking schema by being more selective with it.

assimilate; accommodate

Three-year-old Megan encounters a swinging chair that is hung from the ceiling by a hook. Once she is told what it is, she incorporates the new chair into her existing "chair schema." According to Piaget's theory, this is called _____.

assimilation

Two-year-old Iris has just seen a cow for the first time. Having never seen one before, she searched her memory, came up with the only four-legged animal she knows, and announced "doggy!" This is an example of _____.

assimilation

Some developmental psychology researchers use the term "infant ______________" to describe the initial important connection to a caregiver that provides a foundation for later development.

attachment

According to Piaget,_________ is a belief that objects continue to possess physical attributes (such as volume) despite superficial changes.

conservation

According to Erikson, each of the _____ stages of socioemotional development represents a developmental task or crisis that a person must negotiate.

eight

In early adulthood, capacities for reasoning and verbal memory _____.

increase

Piaget observed that children in the preoperational stage of development often are quite certain that they know the answer to something and are not bothered by the fact that they have not arrived at the answer through logical reasoning but through reliance on previous experiences and guessing. He called this _____.

intuitive thought

In developmental psychology, the term_______ refers to an individual's environmental and social experiences.

nurture

Piaget's term for the crucial accomplishment of the sensorimotor stage, at which a child understands that something exists even if it cannot be seen, is _____.

object permanence

A person's ability to adapt to or recover from difficult circumstances is known as _____.

resilience

Infants who are securely attached are more likely, compared to those with insecure attachment, to have mothers who _____.

respond to the baby's needs

In terms of gender development, gender __________develop via reinforcement, punishment, observational learning, and modeling.

schemas

According to Piaget, in the sensorimotor stage, the infant constructs an understanding of the world by coordinating _____ experiences with _____ actions.

sensory; physical

Development refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs _____.

throughout life

Which of the following examples represent "nature" influences? (Select all that apply.)

Eye color Family history of hair loss

During what stage of cognitive development is the mastery of logical and abstract thinking of paramount concern?

Formal operational

Madeleine is 16 years old. She is able to think somewhat like a scientist, devising plans to solve problems and testing solutions. Which of Piaget's stages is Madeleine most likely in?

Formal operational

Mary, 18 months old, sees a stuffed dog being covered by a blanket. According to Piaget's theory, if she removes the blanket in order to find the stuffed dog, she has done which of the following?

Grasped the idea of object permanence

Which statement best describes how nature and nurture influence development?

Heredity sets the general level of intelligence, but environment also has an impact.

Which of the following are true in regard to Vygotsky's theory of development? (Select all that apply.)

It emphasizes collaborative learning. Learning occurs through interaction with skilled others. The goal of cognitive development is to become competent in your culture.

Which of the following statements are correct regarding Erikson's trust versus mistrust stage? (Select all that apply.)

It occurs during the first year and a half of life. The outcome depends on whether the infant's caretakers meet its needs.

Which of the following examples describes "egocentric thought" in Piaget's preoperational stage?

Kaylee is reading a picture book and assumes that her mother who is across the room can see the pictures.

The core knowledge approach to infant cognitive development is based on the idea that _____.

babies are born with "prewired" knowledge systems that allow them to make sense of their worlds