Chapter 4- Climate Change

23. Ethanol (C2H6O) is a common intoxicant and fuel produced from the fermentation of various grains. How many moles of ethanol are represented by 50.0 kg of ethanol? A. 1.09 ´ 103 mol B. 46.1 mol C. 9.00 mol D. 1.09 mol

A. 1.09 ´ 103 mol

57. Calculate the mass of CO2 produced by the combustion of a tank of gasoline. Assume the mass of gasoline is 46.0 kg and that gasoline is pure octane (C8H18). A. 142 kg B. 17.8 kg C. 32.3 kg D. 46.0 kg

A. 142 kg

24. LP gas (liquid propane, C3H8) is the fuel used in gas grills as well as a main source of heat energy for many rural residences. What is the mass of 5.83 ´ 1017 molecules of liquid propane? A. 2.57 ´ 1019 g B. 6.41 ´ 1018 g C. 4.27 ´ 10¯5 g D. 6.89 ´ 10¯7 g

A. 2.57 ´ 1019 g

62. Calculate the mass percent of chlorine in CCl3 F (Freon-11). A. 77.5 percent B. 25.8 percent C. 51.6 percent D. 13.8 percent

A. 77.5 percent

34. Although coal is a complex mixture of substances, its elemental composition can be approximated by the formula C135H96O9NS. Using this chemical formula, calculate the percentage, by mass, of carbon (C) in coal. A. 85 percent B. 67 percent C. 56 percent D. 20 percent

A. 85 percent

15. Scientists have correlated average global temperature with atmospheric carbon dioxide levels for the last 160,000 years using ice cores from Antarctica. How is the carbon dioxide level determined? A. By measuring the CO2 concentration in trapped air bubbles in the ice layers B. By measuring the 18O/16O ratio in the CO2 molecules C. By extrapolating the CO2 level from the temperature of the ice D. By extrapolating the CO2 level from the average global temperature

A. By measuring the CO2 concentration in trapped air bubbles in the ice layers

30. Which conclusion was considered "very likely" in the 2014 report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change? A. Human-caused emissions are the main factor causing warming since 1951 B. The observed warming of the past 100 years is due solely to climate variability C. The Arctic Sea ice thickness decreased approximately 40% during late summer/early fall D. Summer droughts have increased

A. Human-caused emissions are the main factor causing warming since 1951

47. Where is most of the carbon on earth stored? A. In the form of fossil fuels and carbonate minerals and rocks B. In the forests and soil C. In surface water D. In the atmosphere

A. In the form of fossil fuels and carbonate minerals and rocks

8. What international agreement attempted to reduce greenhouse gas emissions? A. Kyoto Protocol B. Montreal Protocol C. Oslo Accords D. Nuremburg Treaty

A. Kyoto Protocol

14. Predict the shape of nitrous oxide, N2O (atomic order N — N — O). A. Linear B. Bent C. Trigonal pyramidal D. Trigonal planar

A. Linear

59. Which of the following has the lowest albedo? A. Ocean B. Fresh snow C. Old snow D. Desert sand

A. Ocean

33. Argon, which comprises almost 1 percent of the atmosphere, is approximately 27 times more abundant than CO2, but does not contribute to global warming. Which explanation accounts for this fact? A. Single atoms do not have bonds, therefore do not vibrate B. Argon's vibrational energy is not excited by infrared radiation C. Argon atoms are concentrated too high in the troposphere to interact with the earth's radiant energy D. Argon is not an anthropogenic pollutant

A. Single atoms do not have bonds, therefore do not vibrate

28. Which country has the highest per capita emission of carbon dioxide? A. United States B. Germany C. Canada D. Saudi Arabia

A. United States

46. The majority of N2O molecules in the atmosphere come from A. bacterial removal of nitrate ions (NO3¯) from soil. B. burning of fossil fuels. C. decaying vegetable matter. D. landfills.

A. bacterial removal of nitrate ions (NO3¯) from soil.

37. Which characteristics pertain to the problem of global warming? i. Possible consequences include altered climate and increased sea level. ii. Heat energy radiated by the earth is captured by atmospheric molecules. iii. Increased skin cancer incidence and damage to radiation sensitive species has been observed. iv. The concentration of stratospheric ozone is declining. A. i and ii only B. i and iii only C. ii and iv only D. iii and iv only

A. i and ii only

53. The Industrial Revolution is a key point in the Earth's atmospheric history because A. prior to that time large deposits of petroleum and coal were not being used as energy sources. B. the first atmospheric studies were conducted at that time. C. spectrometers that could measure molecular response to infrared radiation were developed at that time. D. the first aircraft that could be used to collect atmospheric samples were developed at that time.

A. prior to that time large deposits of petroleum and coal were not being used as energy sources.

54. The internationally accepted atomic mass standard is carbon-12 because this isotope A. was arbitrarily selected as a convenient standard. B. is the smallest isotope that could be accurately weighed. C. is the only isotope with equal numbers of protons, neutrons, and electrons. D. is the only isotope of carbon that exists.

A. was arbitrarily selected as a convenient standard.

55. Calculate the mass of 25,000 molecules of nitrogen gas. (1 mole = 6.02 x 1023 molecules) A. 5.81 ´ 10-19 g B. 1.16 ´ 10-18 g C. 7.00 ´ 105 g D. 5.38 ´ 1026 g

B. 1.16 ´ 10-18 g

6. Calculate the mass of 2.50 ´ 104 molecules of nitrogen gas. A. 5.81 ´ 10¯19 g B. 1.16 ´ 10¯18 g C. 7.00 ´ 105 g D. 5.38 ´ 1026 g

B. 1.16 ´ 10¯18 g

29. The history of average global temperature for the last 160,000 years is derived from isotopic analysis of ice layers in Antarctica. Scientists study the ________ ratio in ________. A. 14C/12C; CH4 B. 1H/2H; H2O C. 12C/14C; CO2 D.16C/18O; CO2

B. 1H/2H; H2O

35. Although coal is a complex mixture of substances, its elemental composition can be approximated by the formula C135H96O9NS. Using this formula, predict the amount of CO2 released from the combustion of 1.00 ´ 106 metric tons of coal (about the annual average for a coal-fired power plant). 1 metric ton = 1 ´103 kg. A. 3.66 ´ 109 kg B. 3.11 ´ 109 kg C. 8.50 ´ 108 kg D. 3.11 ´ 105 kg

B. 3.11 ´ 109 kg

44. CO2 emissions in China declined by 9 percent over the five-year period ending in 2000. If 5.00 ´ 108 metric tons (t) of CO2 was emitted in 1995, how much CO2 was released in 2000? A. 4.55 ´ 109 t B. 4.55 ´ 108 t C. 4.50 ´ 108 t D. 4.55 ´ 107 t

B. 4.55 ´ 108 t

64. What, approximately, is the highest concentration of CO2 measured in the Earth's atmosphere in modern times? A. 4000 ppm B. 400 ppm C. 40 ppm D. 4.0 ppm

B. 400 ppm

42. Identify the single most effective strategy to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. A. Use methane rather than gasoline for fuel in cars and trucks B. Develop alternate energy sources that do not rely on fossil fuels C. Use wood as a home heating fuel D. Convert all vehicles to diesel fuel

B. Develop alternate energy sources that do not rely on fossil fuels

41. The most abundant greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere is A. CO2. B. H2O vapor. C. N2. D. CH4.

B. H2O vapor.

45. The ability of a molecule to absorb infrared radiation is measured with IR spectrometers, which report the frequency of light absorbed in units of cm¯1. Which explanation best describes this unit? A. The distance traveled by light of a specific frequency in 1 second B. The number of wavelengths in 1 cm for a specific frequency of light C. The wavelength of a specific frequency of light D. The speed of a specific frequency of light

B. The number of wavelengths in 1 cm for a specific frequency of light

2. Determine the shape or geometry of PH3. (Hint: Use the Periodic Table to arrive at the electron configuration for phosphorous.) A. Tetrahedral B. Trigonal pyramidal C. Bent D. Trigonal planar

B. Trigonal pyramidal

31. Which occurrences or processes are expected to reduce the level of atmospheric carbon? i. Decaying plant and animal remains ii. The growth of trees iii. Formation of carbonate rock in the ocean iv. Animal respiration A. i and ii only B. ii and iii only C. iii and iv only D. i and iv only

B. ii and iii only

5. Neither N2 nor O2 are greenhouse gases because A. N2 and O2 react with one another, producing N2O2 when exposed to infrared radiation. B. their overall electric charge distribution does not change when they vibrate. C. infrared radiation causes their bonds to break. D. their atmospheric concentrations are not changed by human activity.

B. their overall electric charge distribution does not change when they vibrate.

40. Although greenhouse gases likely account for the problem of global warming, they are also responsible for making earth habitable. What would be the temperature on earth in the absence of the effects of carbon dioxide and water? A. 450°C B. 15°C C. -18°C D. -270°C

C. -18°C

13. This is the Lewis structure for acetic acid. The bond angles are drawn to scale. Based on the electronic configuration shown in the Lewis structure, predict the OCO bond angle, in degrees. A. 90° B. 109.5° C. 120° D. 180°

C. 120°

39. What is the mass of exactly 500 sulfur atoms? A. 1.61 ´ 104 g B. 32.1 g C. 2.66 ´ 10¯20 g D. 5.33 ´ 10¯23 g

C. 2.66 ´ 10¯20 g

11. Determine the molar mass for fluoxetine (C16H16F3NO), also known as Prozac®. A. 279.3 g/mol B. 281.3 g/mol C. 295.3 g/mo D. 297.1 g/mol

C. 295.3 g/mo

25. Hydrogen gas (H2) is a promising alternative to fossil fuels. How many molecules are present in 1.0 kg of hydrogen gas? A. 3.0 ´ 1023 B. 6.0 ´ 1023 C. 3.0 ´ 1026 D. 6.0 ´ 1026

C. 3.0 ´ 1026

7. Find the molar mass of ethanol, C2H6O. A. 29.02 g/mol B. 45.06 g/mol C. 46.07 g/mol D. 110.0 g/mol

C. 46.07 g/mol

43. Calculate the percentage, by mass, of fluorine in sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), a potent greenhouse gas. A. 22.0 percent B. 59.2 percent C. 78.0 percent D. 82.1 percent

C. 78.0 percent

10. Although carbon dioxide is the primary compound discussed with respect to global warming; of the common atmospheric components the global warming potential (GWP) of a carbon dioxide molecule is very low. Which statement best explains this pair of facts? A. CO2 molecules are highly symmetrical B. CO2 has a low molar mass C. CO2 exists in relatively high concentrations D. CO2 is formed in the combustion of fossil fuels

C. CO2 exists in relatively high concentrations

18. Which explanation accounts for the fact that, on average, cloudy nights are warmer than clear nights? A. Clouds reflect light incoming from the moon B. H2O does not absorb infrared energy C. Clouds are composed of water vapor and H2O is a strong greenhouse gas D. Clouds have a high concentration of carbon dioxide from fossil fuel combustion

C. Clouds are composed of water vapor and H2O is a strong greenhouse gas

36. Both the Clinton and G.W. Bush administrations were unwilling to sign the Kyoto Protocol. What was their primary objection to the treaty? A. The target emission levels are not sufficiently low to affect the greenhouse effect B. The treaty does not include a provision for trading emission allowances C. Developing countries are not required to control greenhouse gas emissions D. Enforcement of the treaty will be impossible

C. Developing countries are not required to control greenhouse gas emissions

3. Which atmospheric component does not contribute to global warming? A. H2O B. CO2 C. N2 D. O3

C. N2

22. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) issued a report in 2014 that attached probabilities to the predictions and statements made. Which prediction/statement was considered "Very Unlikely?" A. Human-caused emissions are the main factor causing warming since 1950 B. Arctic sea ice thickness declined about 40 percent during late summer to early autumn in recent decades C. Relative to 1850-1900, the global surface temperature for the end of the 21st century (2081-2100) will exceed 2 degC D. In most of the areas in the Northern Hemisphere, precipitation has increased

C. Relative to 1850-1900, the global surface temperature for the end of the 21st century (2081-2100) will exceed 2 degC

1. Scientists believe they know the average global temperature over the last 160,000 years. Which property of the ice core samples from Antarctica provides this information? A. The thickness B. The carbon dioxide concentration C. The 1H/2H ratio D. The temperature

C. The 1H/2H ratio

19. The greenhouse effect refers to the process by which A. atmospheric oxygen and nitrogen absorb heat radiated by Earth. B. atmospheric nitrogen absorbs ultraviolet radiation radiated by Earth. C. atmospheric gases trap and return infrared radiation radiated by Earth. D. greenhouse gases absorb ultraviolet radiation from the Sun, warming the molecules.

C. atmospheric gases trap and return infrared radiation radiated by Earth.

52. Radiative forcings are A. geological changes that promote volcanic eruptions. B. mechanisms for sequestering CO2 endorsed by signers of the Kyoto Protocol. C. factors that influence the balance of Earth's incoming and outgoing radiation. D. changes in geographical distribution of plant, animal, and insect species brought on by climate change.

C. factors that influence the balance of Earth's incoming and outgoing radiation.

50. Which substances are regulated by the Kyoto Protocol? i. argon ii. carbon dioxide iii. nitrogen iv. nitrous oxide v. sulfur hexafluoride A. i, ii, and iii only B. i and iii only C. ii, iv, and v only D. ii and v only

C. ii, iv, and v only

51. Land use changes have a big impact on global warming because of their effect on albedo. Albedo A. is the primary wave number at which a greenhouse gas absorbs infrared radiation. B. describes the effectiveness of a molecule as a greenhouse gas. C. is the ratio of electromagnetic radiation reflected by a surface to the amount of radiation hitting that surface. D. describes the tendency of an atmospheric molecule to react with other atmospheric molecules, reducing their global atmospheric lifetimes.

C. is the ratio of electromagnetic radiation reflected by a surface to the amount of radiation hitting that surface.

20. The O-to-O-to-O bond angle in an ozone (O3) molecule is not exactly 120° because A. ozone molecules are linear so the bond angle is 180°. B. ozone molecules are tetrahedral so the bond angle is approximately 109°. C. the nonbonding electron pair occupies greater space than the bonding pairs. D. the electrons in the double bond occupy more space that the nonbonding electron pair.

C. the nonbonding electron pair occupies greater space than the bonding pairs.

49. If the average temperature of earth is currently 15.0°C, what does the NOAA model (the line in the graph) predict for the average global temperature in 2080? A. 2.4°C B. 12.6°C C. 15.0°C D. 17.4°C

D. 17.4°C

9. The greenhouse and enhanced greenhouse effects refer to the return of approximately ______ percent and greater than ______ percent of the heat radiated by Earth. A. 40; 40 B. 50; 50 C. 60; 60 D. 80; 80

D. 80; 80

60. Which of the following are ways that aerosols may affect climate? A. Scattering incoming radiation B. Nucleation of clouds C. Absorbing incoming radiation D. All of these choices are correct

D. All of these choices are correct

58. In their fifth and most recent report published in 2014, the vast majority of scientists agreed on several key points. Which of the following is NOT one of those points? A. If the rate of greenhouse gas emissions is not curtailed, our water resources, food supply, and even our health will suffer B. Human activities (primarily the combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation) are responsible for much of the recent warming C. The Earth is getting warmer D. All of these choices were mentioned as key points

D. All of these choices were mentioned as key points

17. Which process plays the most important role in the greenhouse effect? A. Energy from the sun is reflected back into the atmosphere B. Energy from the sun is absorbed by the earth C. Energy from the sun is absorbed by the atmosphere D. Energy radiated by the earth is absorbed by the atmosphere

D. Energy radiated by the earth is absorbed by the atmosphere

63. Which of the following is NOT a likely consequence of increased carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere? A. Sea ice disappearance B. Sea-level rise C. Changes in ocean chemistry D. Increase in biodiversity

D. Increase in biodiversity

26. What is the effect of the absorption of infrared energy on matter? A. It excites bonding electrons B. It increases molecular rotation C. It breaks chemical bonds D. It increases the vibration of chemical bonds

D. It increases the vibration of chemical bonds

16. Which practices might be described as carbon sequestration? i. Planting trees ii. Deforestation iii. Pumping carbon dioxide deep into the ocean iv. Increasing combustion of fossil fuels A. i and ii only B. ii and iii only C. iii and iv only D. i and iii only

D. i and iii only

56. In order to make useful predictions, which factors must be accounted for by climatic models? i. Aerosol Emissions ii. Land Use iii. Solar Irradiance A. ii only B. ii and iii only C. i and iii only D. i, ii, and iii only

D. i, ii, and iii only

21. In order to make useful predictions, which factors must be accounted for by climatic models? i. Cooling effect of atmospheric aerosols ii. Smoke, haze, and cloud cover iii. Change in land use iv. Combustion of fossil fuels A. iv only B. ii and iii only C. iii and iv only D. i, ii, iii, and iv

D. i, ii, iii, and iv

38. Identify possible consequences of global warming. i. A rise in sea level ii. An increase in average relative humidity iii. An increase in forest growth in the Northern Hemisphere iv. A weakening of ocean currents A. i and iii only B. i and iv only C. i, ii, and iv only D. i, ii, iii, and iv

D. i, ii, iii, and iv

48. Methane is approximately 23 times more powerful than carbon dioxide as a greenhouse gas. Which are significant sources of methane emissions? i. The digestive systems of ruminants (cows, sheep, etc.) ii. Automobile exhaust iii. Rice cultivation iv. Decaying wetland vegetation A. i only B. i and ii only C. ii only D. i, iii, and iv only

D. i, iii, and iv only

32. The carbon cycle refers to the A. mechanism by which carbon dioxide causes global warming. B. frequency of light energy that affects the rotational energy of carbon dioxide. C. oxidation of glucose to form carbon dioxide and water. D. movement of carbon through living organisms, the atmosphere, the sea, and the earth.

D. movement of carbon through living organisms, the atmosphere, the sea, and the earth.

61. In order to halt increases in the amounts of these gases in the Earth's atmosphere, global greenhouse gas emissions must be decreased by 9 billion tons. Which of these would not provide that much relief in global greenhouse gas emissions? A. Cutting energy usage in the world's buildings by 20-25 percent below business-as-usual B. Having all cars get 60 mpg instead of 30 mpg C. Replacing 700 large coal-burning power plants with nuclear, wind, or solar power D. Capturing and sequestering carbon dioxide at 800 coal-burning power plants E. None of these choices would provide the needed 9 billion tons

E. None of these choices would provide the needed 9 billion tons