Chapter 4: Consciousness

LSD

1. "Acid". 2. Produces vivid hallucinations and other sensory distortions. 3. Experience when using the drug is called a "trip", and lasts about 12 hours. 4. Causes pupil dilation and increases heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature. 5. Produces sweating, tremors, loss of appetite, and sleeplessness. 6. Users report distortions of time and space. 7. Higher doses are likely to produce more vivid displays of colors and outright hallucinations.

Alcoholism

1. A chemical addiction characterized by impaired control over the abuse of alcohol and physiological dependence on it. 2. An equal opportunity destroyer. 3. Begins in early adulthood, usually between the ages of 20 or 40, although it may develop earlier, even during childhood in some cases. 4. Can damage major organs and the body system. 5. Most damaging effects on the liver, the organ that primarily metabolizes alcohol. 6. Cirrhosis of the liver- The irreversible scarring of liver tissue typically caused by alcohol abuse, accounts for about 30,000 deaths annually in the United States.

Withdrawal syndrome

1. A cluster of symptoms associated with abrupt withdrawal from a drug.

Mindfulness meditation

1. A form of meditation in which one adopts a state of nonjudgmental attention to the unfolding of experience on a moment-to-moment basis. 2. Mindfulness is about being present in the moment rather than standing back and evaluating your thoughts or experiences.

Tolerance

1. A form of physical habituation to a drug in which increased amounts are needed to achieve the same effect.

Hypnosis

1. An altered state of consciousness characterized by focused attention, deep relaxation, and heightened susceptibility to suggestion. 2. Techniques vary, but they usually involve a narrow of attention to the hypnotist's voice. 3. People who undergo hypnosis may feel sleepier, but they are not asleep. 4. The hypnotist may ask a person to focus on an object such as a swinging watch, and listen only to the sound of his or her voice. 5. The hypnotist may also suggest that the person's eyelids are getting heavier and heavier and that the person is becoming sleepy. 6. Include distortions of reality- seeing, hearing, or feeling something that is not present in reality. 7. Widely held myth that hypnosis can cause people to commit murder or other immoral and illegal acts that wouldn't otherwise perform. 8. Hypnosis depends on the willingness of subjects to go along with imaging the alternate Rea;ities suggested by a hypnotist.

MDMA (Ecstasy)

1. An amphetamine-like drug synthesized in underground laboratories. 2. Produces mild euphoric and hallucinogenic effects. 3. Popular among high school and college students. 4. Widely available in many late-night dance clubs in U.S. cities. 5. MDMA can lead to depression, anxiety, insomnia, and even states of paranoia or psychotic symptoms. 6. Heavy use of the drug is associated with cognitive deficits, including problems with memory functioning, learning ability, and attention. 7. Has physical effects as well, such as increased heart rate and blood pressure, a tense or chattering jaw, and feelings of body warmth and/or chills. 8. High doses can lead to consciousness, seizures, and even death in severe cases.

Posthypnotic amnesia

1. An inability to recall what happened during hypnosis.

Barbiturates and Tranquilizers

1. Barbiturates are calming or detain drugs that have several legitimate medical uses. 2. Used to regulate high blood pressure, to block pain during surgery, and to control epileptic seizures. 3. Highly addictive and used illicitly as street drugs to induce states of euphoria and relaxation. 4. Amobarbital, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, and sec orbital. 5. Methaqulone is a sedating drug with effects similar to those of barbiturates with similar risks. 6. Can induce drowsiness and slurred speech, and impair motor skills and judgment. 7. The mixture of barbiturates with alcohol can be especially dangerous and potentially lethal. 8. People who are physiologically dependent should withdraw under careful medical supervision. 9. Tranquilizers are a class of depressants widely used to treat anxiety and insomnia. 10. Can be dangerous in high doses, especially if combined with alcohol or other drugs. 11. Carry a risk of addiction. 12. Valium, Xanax, and Halcion are members of the benzodiazepine family, which act by boosting the availability of the neurotransmitter GABA in the brain. 13. GABA an inhibitory neurotransmitter, reduces excess nervous system activity.

Insomnia

1. Difficulty falling asleep, remaining asleep, or returning to sleep after nighttime awakenings. 2. Most common sleep-wake disorder. 3. Affects estimated 6 to 10 percent pf American adults. 4. May be caused by many factors, including substance abuse, physical illness, and psychological disorders like depression. 5. Bringing worries and concerns to bed and playing havoc with the body's natural sleep-wake cycle by making frequent changes in sleep and waking times.

Lucid Dreams

1. Dreams in which the person is aware that he or she is dreaming. 2. Few people report lucid dreams, but those who do may have a greater capacity for self-reflection than the rest of us- a skill that may carry into the sleeping state. 3. Some lucid dreamers report they are able to direct the action of their dreams while they are dreaming.

Drug Addiction

1. Drug dependence accompanied by signs of physiological dependence, such as the development of a withdrawal syndrome.

Depressants

1. Drugs such as alcohol and barbiturates, that dampen central nervous system activity. 2. Alcohol, barbiturates and tranquilizers, and opioids. 3. Depressants induce feelings of relaxations and provide relief from states of anxiety and tension. 4. Some depressants also a "rush" of pleasure. 5. Depressants can kill by arresting vital bodily functions, such as breathing. 6. Depressants are highly addictive and can be dangerous, even lethal in overdose or when mixed with other drugs.

Stages 1 to 4: From Light to Deep Sleep

1. In Stage 1 sleep, brain waves become small and irregular with varying frequencies. 2. The sleeper can easily be awakened during this stage and may not even realize she or he has been sleeping. 3. Stage 2 sleep begins about 2 minutes after Stage 1 sleep and is characterized by bursts of brain wave activity represented by spindle-shaped waves called sleep spindles. 4. People spend more than half of their sleep time in Stage 2 sleep. 5. This is a deeper stage of sleep but the person can still be readily awakened. 6. Stages 3 and 4 of sleep, called delta sleep or slow-wave sleep (SWS), are characterized by the appearance of large, slow brain waves called delta waves. 7. The distinction between Stage 3 and Stage 4 is based on the proportion of delta waves. 8. In Stage 3, delta waves constitute 50 percent or fewer of the brain wave patterns; in Stage 4, they constitute more than 50 percent.

Amphetamines

1. Not found in nature. 2. Chemically manufactured in a laboratory. 3. Activate the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system, causing heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure to rise. 4. Act on the brain by boosting availability of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain. 5. Increased availability of these chemicals keeps neuron firing, which helps maintain high levels of arousal and alertness. 6. Produce pleasurable feelings by directly stimulating the reward pathways in the brain, the brain circuitry responsible for feelings of pleasure. 7. Benzedrine and Methamphetamine are the most widely used amphetamines or amphetamine sulfate. 8. About 5 percent of U.S. adults have used "meth". 9. Some 1.5 million people are regular users. 10. In high doses, can causes extreme restlessness, loss of appetite, tremors, and cardiovascular irregularities.

Polyabusers

1. People who abuse more than one drug at the time.

Role-playing model

1. Proposes that hypnosis is a social interaction between the hypnotist and a willing person who assumes the role of a "good" hypnotic subject- one who faithfully follows the hypnotist's directions.

Stages of Sleep

1. The electroencephalograph (EEG) is one of the several devices researchers use to determine how our bodies respond when we sleep. 2. The EEG tracks brain waves, which vary in intensity or amplitude (height of the wave) and speed or frequency (wave cycles per second). 3. When you are awake and alert, your brain a=wave patter n is dominated by fast, low-amplitude beta waves. 4. As you close your eyes and relax in bed, you enter a state of relaxed wakefulness. 5. In this state, your brain wave pattern is dominated by slower, rhythmic cycles called alpha waves. 6. When people sleep, the EEG shows they progress through several distinct stages of sleep characterized by different brain wave patterns.

Daydreaming

1. a form of consciousness during a waking state in which one's mind wanders to dreamy thoughts or fantasies. 2. Involve mundane facets of everyday life. 3. Despite popular belief, relatively few involve sexual or romantic adventures. 4. Minds tend to wander more when we are bored or performing unstructured activities. 5. Can disrupt recent memories, so it is best to maintain your focus if you want to remember the day's information. 6. We tend to blink more when our mind wanders which reduces the amount of information coming into the brain, making it more difficult to process information.

Sleep-wake disorders

1. A diagnostic category of psychological or mental disorders involving disturbed sleep patterns.

Jetlag

1. A disruption of sleep-wake cycles caused by the shifts in time zones that accompany long-distance air travel. 2. Not only associated with disruption of sleep-wake cycles but also with irritability, fatigue, and difficulty in concentrating.

Dreams & Dreaming

1. A dream is an imaginative creation of the brain during sleep, a kind of night excursion into a world of fantasy. 2. The dreams that occur later in the night tend to be longer, more elaborate, and more emotionally impactful. 3. No one knows why we dream. 4. Dreaming has multiple functions, as does sleep. 5. Deep sleep plays an important role in memory consolidation. 6. The brain may replay waking experiences during dreams in order to strengthen new memories. 7. Dreams may have other functions as well. 8. Parts of the brain that show decreased activity during REM sleep include regions of the cerebral cortex involved in logical thought. 9. Pattern suggests why dreams may lack the logical ordering of events of ordinary conscious thought, why they may form from bits and pieces of emotionally charged memories and vivid imagery that unfold in a chaotic sequence of events.

Stimulants

1. A drug that activates the central nervous system, such as amphetamines and cocaine. 2. Include Ecstasy, Nicotine, and caffeine. 3. Can lead to both physiological and psychological dependence. 4. Can produce a pleasurable high. 5. Adderall and Concerta have therapeutic uses in treating attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and can become drugs of abuse when used for nonmusical purposes.

Transcendental mediation (TM)

1. A form of mediation in which practitioners focus their attention by repeating a particular mantra.

Hypnotic age regression

1. A hypnotically induced experience that involves re experiencing past events in one's life.

Posthypnotic suggestion

1. A hypnotist's suggestion that the subject will respond in a particular way following hypnosis.

Hypnotic analgesia

1. A loss of feeling or responsiveness to pain in certain parts of the body occurring during hypnosis.

Psychological dependence

1. A pattern of compulsive or habitual use of a drug to satisfy a psychological need. 2. People come to rely on it to counter unpleasant feelings or to cope with persona problems or conflict with others.

Detoxification

1. A process of clearing drugs or toxins from the body.

Mediation

1. A process of focused attention that induces a relaxed, contemplative state.

Amphetamine Psychosis

1. A psychotic reaction characterized by hallucinations and delusions that resembles acute episodes of schizophrenia.

Drug dependance

1. A severe drug-relayed problem characterized by impaired control over the use of the drug. 2. People who become dependent on a drug feel compelled to use the drug or powerless to stop using it, even when they know the drug use is ruining their lives. 3. About one in ten adults in the United States will develop a drug abuse or dependence disorder at some point in their lives.

Sleepwalking disorder

1. A sleep-wake disorder characterized by repeated episodes of sleepwalking. 2. Found more commonly in children than adults. 3. Believe to affect between 1 and 5 percent of children. 4. Adults too many have occasional sleepwalking episode, while about 4 percent of adults reporting at least one episode of sleepwalking during the preceding year. 5. Sleepwalkers remain asleep even though their eyes are open. 6. Sleepwalking typically occurs during deep, dreamless sleep.

Narcolepsy

1. A sleep-wake disorder characterized by sudden unexplained "sleep attacks" during the day. 2. Person may be fully awake and engaged in conversation one moment and then fall fast asleep and slump to the floor the next. 3. REM sleep usually begins almost immediately after the onset of a narcoleptic attack. 4. The attack is preceded by frightening hallucinations that may involve several senses- visual, auditory, tactile, or kinesthetic (body movement).

Mantra

1. A sound or phrase chanted repeatedly during transcendental meditation. 2. Ommmm

Divided Consciousness

1. A state of awareness characterized by divided attention to two or more tasks or activities performed at the same time. 2. One of the these activities is typically a mechanical task, such as driving or washing dishes. 3. When we perform mechanical tasks, part of our mind seems to be on "automatic pilot" while the other part is free to think about other things. 4. The brain automatically performs the mental computations needed to determine the ball's trajectory, even if the player has no understanding of the underlying geometry.

Drifting Consciousness

1. A state of awareness characterized by drifting thoughts or mental imagery. 2. May lead to daydreaming.

Psychological dependence

1. A state of physical dependence on a drug caused by repeated usage that changes body chemistry. 2. May experience a cluster of unpleasant and sometimes dangerous symptoms.

Consciousness

1. A states of awareness of ourselves and of the world around us. 2. Continuous process of thinking in which one thought flows into another, like water flowing continuously down a river.

Neodissociation theory

1. A theory based on the belief that hypnosis represents of dissociated (divided) consciousness.

Nightmare disorder

1. A type of sleep-wake disorder involving a pattern of frequent, disturbing nightmares. 2. Children are more prone to nightmare disorder. 3. Nightmares take place during REM sleep. 4. People are usually more susceptible to nightmares when they are under emotional distress, have high fevers, or are suffering from sleep deprivation.

Sleep terror disorder

1. A type of sleep-wake disorder involving repeated episodes of intense fear during sleep, causing the person to awake abruptly in a terrified state. 2. Occurring during deep sleep. 3. Primarily affects children, and occurs more often in boys than in girls. 4. Most young children with sleep terrors outgrow the problem by adolescence.

College Drinking

1. About six in ten college students drink alcohol at least once monthly, even though most of them are under the legal drinking age. 2. College students tend to drink more than their peers who do not attend college. 3. Claims about 1,800 college students in the United States each year, with most deaths resulting from alcohol-related minor vehicle accidents and overdoses. 4. Alcohol use in college students also accounts for nearly 700,000 physical assaults and nearly 100,000 reported sexual assaults annually in the United States.

Trance state

1. An altered state of awareness characterized by heightened suggestibility. 2. Suggestibility is the readiness with which one complies with suggestions offered by others, including a hypnotist.

Alcohol

1. An intoxicant. 2. The more person drinks, the stronger the intoxicating effects become. 3. Many people underestimate their blood alcohol concentration when they are drinking, especially when drinking heavily, believing they are not as intoxicated as they really are. 4. Consuming even oen alcoholic drink impair driving ability. 5. With heavier doses, the depressant effect of the drug on the central nervous system can induce a state of stupor unconsciousness and even death. 6. Women typically become intoxicated at lower doses of alcohol than men do. 7. One of the reason is that women usually weigh less than men, and the less people weigh the less alcohol it usually takes to produce intoxication. 8. Women have less of an enzyme that breaks down alcohol in the stomach than men do and this more pure alcohol reaches the bloodstream. 9. Alcohol direct affects the brain, clouding judgement and impairing concentration and retention, as well as the ability to weigh the consequences of behavior. 10. Can release inhibitions, leading to aggressive or impulsive behavior or sexually risky behaviors. 11. Alcohol use is implicated in many forms or aggressive behavior, from rape and spousal abuse to robbery, assault, and even homicide. 12. Nearly 90,000 people in the United States die from alcohol-related causes each year. 13. Alcohol-related accidents are also the leading cause of death among young people in the 17-to-24 year age range. 14. Alcohol plays a role in about one in three suicide and accidental deaths in the United States.

Sleep-wake disorders

1. Can be treated with sleep medications. 2. Drugs used to treat insomnia can lead to physiological dependence and should only be used for a brief period of time. 3. psychological techniques that focus on changing problem sleep habits are just as effective as sleep medication in treating insomnia in the short term and more effective over long term.

Psychoactive drugs

1. Chemical substance that affect a person's mental or emotional state. 2. Affects mood, thought processes, perceptions, and behavior. 3. People use psychoactive drugs for many reasons: to change their levee of alertness, to alter their mental states by getting "high" or induce feelings of intense pleasure, to blunt awareness of the stresses and strains on daily life, or to seek some type of inner truth. 4. Some drugs are illegal or illicit. 5. Some are legally available, but restrictions are placed on their use or sale. 6. Some are widely used that some people don't even realize they're ingesting it. 7. Nearly half of adult Americans admit to having used an illicit drug at some point in their lives, with marijuana topping the list of the most widely used illicit substances. 8. Nearly one in ten Americans age 12 and older currently uses illicit drugs. 9. The use of illegal drugs plays in comparison to use of two psychoactive substances adults may use legally. 10. Alcoholic beverage contain alcohol, which is classified asa. depressant drug, and products containing tobacco such as cigarettes and cigars, contain stimulant drug nicotine. 11. Nearly three in four high school seniors have tried alcohol, as have more than one in three eight-graders. 12. One in five high schoolers smoke, and some 1,000 teenagers begin smoking on any given day.

Focused Awareness

1. Consciousness is selective. 2. We have the ability to direct our attention to certain objects, events, or experiences while filtering out extraneous stimuli. 3. A state of heightened alertness in which one is fully absorbed in the task at hand. 4. Allows us to perform at our best when completing tasks that require fixed attention, such as when you are learning a new skill or fully concentrating when studying for the exam.

Binge Drinking

1. Defined as having five or more drinks for men and four or more drinks for women on one occasion. 2. Excessive drinking on campus is also associated with the "Greek" culture of fraternities and sororities. 3. Damaging to health and related to poor academic performance in college. 4. Turning 21 becomes an occasion for excessive and potentially dangerous drinking that can lead to blackouts. 5. Blackouts and seizures may also occur with consumption may also occur with consumption of large amounts of alcohol.

Marijuana

1. Derived from cannabis plant. 2. THC. 3. Hashish is derived resin of the plant, which contains the highest concentration of THC. 4. Alters perception and can produce hallucinations, especially in high doses or when used by susceptible individuals. 5. Causes increased heart rate and possibly blood pressure. 6. Impairs motor performance and coordination and can cause perceptual distortions.

Hallucinogens

1. Drugs that alter sensory experiences and produce hallucinations. 2. Also called psychedelics a word that literally means "mind revealing". 3. Hallucinogens may induce feelings of relaxation and calmness in some users but cause feelings of paranoia. 4. The two most widely used are LSD and marijuana.

Killingsworth and Gilbert Study

1. Harvard University researchers. 2. Provided participants in a recent study with an iPhone app that texted them several times a day to report what they were doing, thinking, and feeling at that moment. 3. Data from more than 2,000 adults showed that, on average, people reported their minds wandering nearly half the time (47%). 4. The least frequent time spent mind wandering was when participants were having sex. 5. The investigators also reported that a wandering mind is not a happy mind. 6. People tend to report unhappier moods at times when their minds were wandering than when they were focused on activities. 7. the results of the Harvard study suggests we may find greater happiness by focusing on what we're doing at the moment, rather than escaping into mental fantasies. 8. People whose minds wandered to thinking about pleasant activities were not any happier than those who were thinking about their current activities.

Melatonin

1. Helps synchronize the body's sleep-wake cycle by making us feel sleepy. 2. Exposure to darkness during evening hours stimulates the brain's production of melatonin. 3. Exposure to bright light causes melatonin production to fall off, which helps us stay awake and alert during daylight hours.

Hidden observer

1. Hilgard's term for a part of consciousness that remains detached from the hypnotic experience but aware of everything that happens during it.

Activation-synthesis-hypothesis

1. Holds that dreams represent an attempt by the cerebral cortex to make sense of random discharges of electrical activity in the brain during REM sleep. 2. The cerebral cortex creates a story line based in the individual's storehouse of knowledge and memories to explain these random signals emanating from lower brain structures and the emotions and sensory experiences they generate.

Ernest Hartmann

1. Leading dream investigator. 2. Believes that dreams help us out through possible solutions to everyday problems and concerns and work through emotional crises or traumas. 3. The content of many dreams involves difficulties encountered while trying to perform a task.

Robert Stickgold

1. Leading sleep researcher. 2. Explains that during sleep, our brain is very active. 3. Much of that activity helps the brain to learn, to remember, and to make connections.

States of Consciousness

1. Levels of consciousness ranging from alert wakefulness to deep sleep. 2. We experience a state of focused awareness in which we are alert and absorbed in the task at hand. 3. Consciousness follows a meandering or wandering course across a landscape of daydreams and fantasies.

Drug abuse

1. Maladaptive or dangerous use of a chemical substance. 2. Causes or aggravates personal, or occupation, or health-related problems.

Caffeine

1. Mild stimulant found in coffee, tea, cola drinks, chocolate, and other substances. 2. Most widely used psychoactive drug. 3. Regular use of caffeine leads to physiological dependence. 4. Most caffeine users are able to maintain control over their use of drug despite being physiological dependent on it. 5. Can lead to predisposed individuals to an increased risk of heart attacks.

Nicotine

1. Mild stimulant. 2. Highly addictive. 3. Naturally in tobacco, and users typically administer the drug by smoking, snorting, or chewing tobacco. 4. Physiological dependence can begin within the first few weeks of cigarette smoking. 5. Nicotine speeds up the rate, dampens appetite, and produces a mild rush or psychological kick. 6. It increases of arousal, alertness, and concentration. 7. May have "paradoxical" effects, such as inducing feelings of relaxation and mental calmness. 8. Leads to release of endorphins in the brain. 9. Kills about 480,000 Americans each year. 10. Smoking is also a causative factor in diabetes, colorectal cancer, ectopic pregnancy, erectile dysfunction, and even tooth loss.

Sleep Deprivation

1. Most adults require between 7 to 9 hours of sleep to feel fully refreshed and to function at their best. 2. Most adults sleep at least 7 hours a night, but many do not. 3. About one and three adults report sleeping 6 hours or less a night. 4. College students average only 6 to 6.9 hours of sleep a night. 5. Among high school students, only about 30 percent get the minimum recommended level of 8 hours of sleep on an average school night. 6. Among 15-year-olds, nearly 40 percent get fewer than 7 hours of sleep nightly. 7. Sleep patterns change during the life cycle. 8. Newborn infant sleep for two-thirds of the day. Infants spend about one-half of their sleep time in REM sleep, whereas adults spend about one-fifth. 9. Infants and children spend more time in REM during sleep than adults. 10. The proportion of REM sleep declines and periods of NREM sleep and wakefulness increase. 11. The amounts of REM sleep, deep sleep, and total sleep decline overtime during adulthood. 12. By the time we reach our 60s or 70s, we may require only 6 hours of sleep per night. 13. Smartphones may be disrupting normal sleep patterns. 14. Sleep deprivation makes it more difficult to concentrate and pay attention, to respond quickly, to solve problems, and to remember newly learned information. 15. By getting too little sleep on a regular basis, can lead to poorer immune system functioning and increased risk of infectious disease. 16. Job performance may also suffer for sleep deprived workers, even if the workers themselves don't feel tired. 17. Can affect your waistline.

Cocaine

1. Natural stimulant derived from the leaves of the coca plant. 2. Can be administered in several ways. 3. Sniffed in powder form, smoked in a hardened form called crack, injected liquid form, or ingested as tea brewed from coca leaves. 4. Produces states of pleasure primarily by working on the neurotransmitter dopamine, a brain chemical that directly stimulates reward or pleasure pathways in brain. 5. Has similar effects, the high induced cocaine is typically short lived. 6. Regular use of cocaine can having damaging effects on the heart and circulatory system and other body organs. 7. Can have life-threatening and fatal consequences. 8. Highly addictive and can lead to withdrawal syndrome involving intense cravings for the drug, feelings of depression, and an inability to experience pleasure in the activities of everyday life. 9. People will go back to the drug if there are unpleasant withdrawal symptoms. 10. Users may also become psychologically dependent on the drug.

Ernest Hilgard

1. Psychologist.

REM Sleep: The Stuff on Which Dreams Are Made

1. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep- the stage of sleep in which one's eyes dart about under closed eyelids. 2. After Stage 4 sleep, the sleeper briefly recycles through Stages 3 and 2 and from there enters REM sleep. 3. The stage of sleep most closely associated with dreaming. 4. Dreams also occur during Stages 1 to 4-- which are collectively called non-REM (NREM) sleep-- but they are generally briefer, less frequent, and more thought-like than those experienced during REM sleep. 5. Brain becomes more active during REM sleep, which is why it is sometimes called active sleep. 6. Brain wave patterns during REM sleep are similar to those during states of alert wakefulness. 7. Also called paradoxical sleep. 8. Despite a high level of brain activity, muscle activity is blocked to the point that the person is practically paralyzed. 9. Sleep cycles generally repeat about every 90 minutes. 10. The average person has about four or five sleep cycles during a night's sleep. 11. It may take about an hour to reach Stage 4 sleep in the first cycle and the another 30 or 40 minutes to reach REM. 12. The amount of time spent in REM sleep increases. 13. Moreover, Stage 4 sleep disappears during the course of the night, which means that we progress faster to REM sleep as the night wears on.

Why Do We Sleep?

1. Sleep may serve a protective function in keeping the organisms out of harms way. 2. Sleep may also help an organism conserve bodily energy. 3. Sleep may also serve a restorative function, helping the brain restore itself and recover from daily wear and tear, performing basic housecleaning functions by flushing out cellular waste products. 4. Evidence also shows that sleep plays an important role in consolidating newly formed memories of daily experiences into more lasting ones. 5. The sleeping brain works on information acquired during the day, processing and consolidating new memories of the day's experiences.

Brain & Sleep

1. Small area of the hypothalamus called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is an internal body clock that regulates our sleep-wake cycles. 2. The SCN syncs with the daily light/dark cycle and responds to the light impinging on the retina. 3. When the light enters the eye, its energy is transformed into neural impulses that travel to the SCN. 4. The SCN in turn regulates the pineal gland, which pleases the hormone melatonin.

Altered states of Consciousness

1. States of awareness during wakefulness that are different that the person's waking state. 2. May occur when we daydream, meditate, or undergo hypnosis, or use mind-altering drugs like alcohol and marijuana. 3. Repetitive physical activity, such as long-distance running or lap swimming, also may induce an altered state of consciousness, one in which the outside world seems to fade out of awareness. 4. In some altered states, the person may experience changes in the sense of time and in sensory experiences.

Mescaline, Psilocybin, and PCP

1. Synthetic drug. 2. Produces delirium. 3. Can produce distortions in the sense of time and space, feelings of unreality, and vivid, sometimes frightening, hallucinations. 4. Lead to feelings of paranoia and blind rage, and prompt bizarre of violent behavior. 5. Can lead to coma and death.

Sleep apnea

1. Temporary cessation of breathing during sleep. 2. Affects an estimated 28 million Americans. 3. Most commonly occurs among middle age and older adults and obese people. 4. Caused by a structural defect. 5. At greater risk of serious health problems.

Inattentional Blindness

1. The failure to notice something right in front of your eyes because your attention is directed else where. 2. Most famous example is that of viewers failing to notice a dancing gorilla that appears in a video clip of basketball players passing a ball to each other when they are instructed to count the number pos passes one of the teams makes. 3. Expert observers are vulnerable to inattention blindness. 4. The brain can abruptly shift consciousness from a state of divided awareness to focused awareness when necessary.

William James

1. The father of psychology. 2. An early figure in the field that the first psychology lecture he ever attended was the one he gave himself. 3. There were no psychology textbooks in his time. 4. Wrote the book entitled "Principles of Psychology".

Circadian Rhythm

1. The patten of fluctuations in bodily processes that occur regularly each day. 2. Many bodily processes- sleep- wake cycles, as well as body temperature, hormonal secretions, blood pressure, and heart rate. 3. The word circadian is derived from the Latin roots circa ("about") and dies ("day"). 4. Found virtually in all species, in eluding organisms as varied as single-celled paramecia, fruit flies, humans and other mammals, and even trees. 5. Circadian rhythms are synchronized with the 24-hour cycle of day and night. 6. In humans, the sleep-wake cycle operates on circadian rhythm that is about 24 hours in length.

Opioids

1. They are narcotics. 2. Include morphine, heroin, and codeine, and naturally occurring drugs derived from the poppy plant. 3. Synthetic opioids include Demerol, Percodan, and Darvon, are manufactured in a laboratory to have effects similar to those of natural opiates. 4. Produce a rush of pleasurable excitement and dampen awareness of personal problems. 5. Popular illicit street drugs. 6. Have legitimate medical uses as painkillers and are prescribed to deaden postsurgical pain and to manage other conditions. 7. Can be abused as street drugs. 8. Similar in chemical structure to endorphin s and lock into the same receptor sites in the brain. 9. About 1.6 percent of adults in the United States report using heroin. 10. Nearly 1 million Americans believed to be addicted to heroin. 11. Heroin induces a euphoric rush that lasts for 5 to 15 minutes. 12. Synthetically derived opiates are OxyContin, Hydrocodone, and Vicodin. 13. Depressants such as Valium and Xanaxm and stimulants such as Adderall and Concerta. 14. Illegal and can lead to addiction and overdose and damage to organs. 15. Can cause death.

Professional Standpoint (Drugs)

1. Use the terms drug abuse and drug dependence to describe the different types of substance-use disorders. 2. Laypeople more often use the term drug addiction, but it has different meanings to different people.

Sigmund Freud

1. Wish Fulfillment. 2. Dreams are expressed in the form of symbols that represent a sleeper's deeper or underlying wishes, usually of a sexual or aggressive nature. 3. Called dreams the "royal road" to the unconscious mind, but believed you need a kind of psychological road map to interpret them because dream symbols mask their true meanings. 4. Distinguished between two types of dream content: 1. Manifest content- Refers to events that occur in a dream. 2. Latent content- This is the true, underlying meaning of a dream, disguised in the form of dream symbols. The disguise conceals the dream's real meaning thereby helping preserve sleep by preventing emotionally threatening to wake you up. 5. Trees, skyscrapers, snakes, and guns are symbols of male genitalia. 6. Boxes, closets, and ovens symbolize female genitalia. 7. Believed we shouldn't rush to judgment when interpreting dream symbols. 8. Recognized that the same dream events might have different meanings for different people.