CHAPTER 4
Yogurt is tolerated better than milk by many with lactose intolerance because __________. bacteria in yogurt break down the lactose yogurt has no lactose the flavorings in yogurt make it easier to digest it is thicker than milk
bacteria in yogurt break down the lactose
Carbohydrates are comprised of __________. carbon and nitrogen nitrogen and water hydrogen, phosphorous, and oxygen carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Alcohol use disorders are associated with increased mortality risk. This risk increases sharply as alcohol increases above 2 drinks per day for women, and 3 1/2 for men. Which disease or condition of the liver results in scarring, is almost always irreversible, and can be life threatening?
cirrhosis of the liver
What was Alex's blood alcohol concentration when he returned to his hotel room at midnight? Remember to consider when he started drinking until when he stopped when figuring your calculations. Round the final percentage of BAC to the second decimal place. During calculations, use numbers rounded to third decimal place. When calculating standard drinks, use values rounded to the first decimal place (for example, a glass of champagne = 1.4 standard drinks).
0.27 percent
Which of the following is considered to be one drink of alcohol?
A 12-oz beer is considered one drink
If Mr. Jones' daily kilocalorie intake is 2500 kcal per day, and he wants to limit his carbohydrate intake to a minimum that would meet his AMDR values, how many grams of carbohydrates does he need to include in his diet? Round the amount in grams to the first whole number.
281 g Yes, it is 281 g, even if he keeps his carbohydrate intake to a minimum. There is a lot of room for "good" carbohydrates in the healthy diet. Have you noticed that when you divide kilocalories by the conversion factor of 4, carbohydrates listed in grams are 25%% of the kilocalories they supply?
The type of bond that joins monosaccharides and is easily digested by enzymes in the human intestine is a __________. peptide bond delta bond beta bond alpha bond
ALPHA BOND
Alcohol abuse disorder impacts 15 million Americans age 18 and older. __________ is the inability to stop once drinking has begun.
LOSS OF CONTROL
Which of the following foods is high in fiber? cheese legumes applesauce white bread
Legumes are fiber-rich foods.
What was Alex's blood alcohol concentration at 10:00 AM next morning? Round the percentage of BAC to the second decimal place. During calculations, use numbers rounded to the third decimal place. When calculating standard drinks, use values rounded to the first decimal place.
0.10 PERCENT
Which of the following statements best describes the role of dietary fiber in reducing the risk of developing diseases?
Soluble fibers slow the digestion and release of glucose preventing a spike in blood glucose following a meal. This increase in transit time may improve long-term control of diabetes. Viscous, soluble fibers slow the release of food from the stomach and, therefore, slow down the absorption of glucose. This can help individuals with diabetes to control their blood glucose levels.
Which of the following no-calorie alternative sweeteners is best used as a replacement for sugar in baked goods? aspartame Splenda Mannitol saccharin
Splenda is not digested or absorbed and is heat stable, making it a good replacement for baked goods.
Which of the following statements about sugar is FALSE? Sugar consumption is linked with unhealthful changes in blood lipids. Sugar consumption is correlated with obesity. Sugar causes tooth decay. Sugar causes hyperactivity in children.
Sugar causes hyperactivity in children.
__________ is observed in chronic drinkers as their liver breaks down alcohol more efficiently. Tolerance Threshold Resistance Sensitivity
TOLERANCE
Despite popular diet book claims that carbohydrates are "fattening" and should be avoided, a Recommended Dietary Allowance for this important macronutrient has been established by the Institute of Medicine. Fill in the blank about the dietary recommendations for carbohydrates. The Recommended Dietary Allowance for adults age 19 and over for carbohydrates is __________.
The RDA for carbohydrates, based on the amount of glucose the brain uses, is 130 g.
Trace the digestion of carbohydrates through the gastrointestinal tract by arranging the steps of chemical digestion of a piece of bread beginning when you take your first bite.
1. Salivary amylase breaks down amylose and amylopectin in the bread into smaller chains. 2. Carbohydrate-digesting enzymes are inactivated by hydrochloric acid. 3. Pancreatic amylase breaks down amylose and amylopectin into the disaccharide maltose. 4.Dissacharides are digested by the brush border enzymes sucrase, maltase, and lactase to yield monosaccharides. 5.Dietary fiber from the bread passes into the large intestine to be eliminated.
Diabetes is a chronic disease characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood glucose). Hypoglycemia is when blood glucose falls below the normal range. Choose the correct statement about diabetes or hypoglycemia.
Type 2 diabetes is a progressive disorder in which body cells become less responsive to insulin. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the body does not produce enough insulin. In type 2 diabetes, which affects 90%% to 95%% of people with diabetes, insulin is produced, but the body is resistant to it. If not well controlled, diabetes increases the risk for complications such as cardiovascular disease, kidney failure, neuropathy, and lower leg amputations.
Sally is a 54-year-old overweight woman with a 39-inch waist circumference and a sedentary lifestyle. She is most at risk for __________. carbohydrate loading lactose intolerance type 1 diabetes type 2 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes is associated with obesity among those over 45 years of age.
How is digestion altered in individuals who have been diagnosed with lactose intolerance?
Undigested lactose draws water into the gastrointestinal tract, causing diarrhea and cramping.Symptoms like diarrhea are caused by lactose drawing water into the digestive tract. Understanding the causes and symptoms of lactose intolerance may help those with the disorder to manage it.
Mr. Jones, 70, is a very active senior. He goes for walks, works in the garden, and occasionally plays tennis. His total daily kilocalorie intake averages 2500 kcal. Calculate how many kilocalories in Mr. Jones' diet should come from carbohydrates to meet the AMDR. Round the number of kilocalories to the nearest whole number. AMDR is a range; don't forget to enter two numbers: lower and upper range value, respectively. Separate the lower and upper range values, in that order, by a comma.
1125, 1625 kcal
The adequate intake for dietary fiber is ___ ___for men and _____ for women. 25 grams; 15 grams 28 grams; 14 grams 38 grams; 25 grams 45 grams; 38 grams
38 grams; 25 grams
The pattern of alcohol consumption that leads to distress, harm to one's health, or interpersonal relationships is called __________
ALCOHOL ABUSE
Carbohydrates are an important energy source for the body's cells. A sufficient intake of carbohydrates is necessary to spare protein and prevent ketosis. Choose the statement about the functions of carbohydrates that is not correct.
As exercise intensity increases, an increasingly larger percentage of the body's energy requirements is met by fat and an increasingly smaller percentage is met by carbohydrates.
Choose the sentence below that correctly describes an alternative sweetener.
Aspartame, also known as NutraSweet, consists of two amino acids (phenylalanine and aspartic acid) and is not safe for those with PKU to consume.
Denial that alcohol use has become a problem is common, making it difficult for family or friends to help. What are some positive approaches that could be used to get a friend or relative into treatment?
Call friends and family to enlist extra help. Share with the person how their drinking habit is impacting them and the people around them.
When someone asks a loved one with an alcohol use disorder about their drinking, which of the following responses is MOST common?
DENIAL
In the United States, 2200 people die of alcohol poisoning each year, with 75% of those being male. Which of the following is a true statement about alcohol?
Eating foods with fat, protein, and fiber can help slow alcohol absorption.
The most abundant form of carbohydrate found in plants is __________. glucose glycogen galactose lactose
GLUCOSE
Which of the following statements correctly describes the process of carbohydrate absorption?
Glucose and galactose are absorbed into the enterocytes by active transport while frustose is absorbed by facillitated diffusion.
Simple carbohydrates, also referred to as sugars, include monosaccharides and disaccharides. Monosaccharides consist of a single sugar molecule, and disaccharides consist of two molecules of sugar joined together. Complex carbohydrates are larger molecules with many sugar molecules. Choose the correct statement about simple or complex carbohydrates.
Glucose, fructose, and galactose each contain 6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms, and 6 oxygen atoms.
Pictured below are four different carbohydrate chemical structures. Match each structure with the type of carbohydrate it best represents.
Good work. Carbohydrates come in different forms. There is a connection between carbohydrate structure and function. Knowing the chemical structure of carbohydrates can help us understand their functions. The different types of carbohydrates in foods cause different reactions. For example, heating the disaccharide sucrose leads to syrup production, whereas heating starchy foods frequently results in brown coloration and intense flavors, as in baked breads and dark beer.
The primary goal of carbohydrate digestion is to break down polysaccharides and disaccharides into monosaccharides, which can then be absorbed into the bloodstream. From the list below, choose all the correct statements about carbohydrate digestion and absorption.
In the mouth, the enzyme known as salivary amylase begins the process of carbohydrate digestion. Because fructose is the most slowly absorbed of all the monosaccharides, ingestion of fructose can lead to diarrhea. The enzymes maltase, sucrase, and lactase digest disaccharides into monosaccharides.
Which personal strategies may help reduce overconsumption of alcohol?
Volunteer to be the designated driver. Make a list of alternative activities that may help reduce stress. Rotate between alcoholic and nonalcoholic drinks. Make sure to consume food before your first alcoholic drink.
Our body's regular blood glucose levels to provide ample glucose to the brain and to the cells of the body. Which statement about blood glucose regulation is correct?
When blood sugar levels become too low, the pancreas secretes glucagon.
Which of the following individuals best exemplifies a moderate drinker? a man who drinks no alcohol on weekdays but drinks five or more beers most weekend nights a man who drinks no more than two drinks per day a woman who does not drink alcohol a woman who drinks no more than two drinks per day
a man who drinks no more than two drinks per day
The enzyme that stimulates the conversion of alcohol to fatty acids, or into a source of energy, is called __________. alcohol dehydrogenase alcohol acetylase aldehyde dehydrogenase aldehyde hydratase
aldehyde dehydrogenase
The alpha bonds of carbohydrates are hydrolyzed during digestion by specific enzymes. Lactose contains a beta bond, which is broken by lactase. Most carbohydrates that contain beta bonds are not digestible because humans lack the enzyme needed to hydrolyze the bond. Which of the following carbohydrates contain alpha bonds that are digestible by humans? View Available Hint(s)
amylose and amylopectin contain alpha bonds therefore CAN BE DIGESTABLE BY HUMANS
Moderate drinking is defined in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans as one drink per day for women, and two for men, and only by those of legal drinking age. Many groups of Americans should not consume alcohol at all, such as pregnant or breastfeeding women, people on certain medications, or those who cannot limit their drinking to a moderate amount. Which of the following are potential concerns or negative health impacts related to moderate drinking?
Moderate alcohol consumption may contribute to unwanted weight gain. Moderate alcohol use can magnify the effects of certain painkillers.
Why should individuals with the disease phenylketonuria (PKU) not consume the artificial sweetener aspartame? People with PKU cannot metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine. People with PKU are allergic to aspartame. People with PKU are at a high risk of developing diabetes. People with PKU experience severe headaches when they consume aspartame.
People with PKU cannot metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine.
Which factor below differentiates complex carbohydrates from simple carbohydrates? complex carbohydrates only contain long chains of glucose molecules joined together complex carbohydrates only contain long chains of fructose molecules joined together complex carbohydrates are only found in plants complex carbohydrates are made of one or two saccharides
complex carbohydrates only contain long chains of glucose molecules joined together
A health benefit that is NOT related to consuming the recommended amount of dietary fiber is __________. decreased risk of osteoporosis prevention of constipation reduced risk of diverticulitis reduced risk of heart disease
decreased risk of osteoporosis
Maria is pregnant and is out with friends who are having cocktails. Maria orders a glass of wine. What are the recommendations regarding alcohol use during pregnancy?
do not drink at all during pregnancy
Foods naturally contain more than one type of carbohydrate, but you are to identify the type of carbohydrate that is found in the highest amount. For example, a medium banana has the following amounts of each of the listed types of carbohydrates: Monosaccharides Fructose = 6 g Glucose = 6 g Galactose = 0 g Disaccharides Sucrose = 3 g Lactose = 0 g Maltose = 0 g Polysaccharides Starch = 6 g Fiber = 3 g From these values, it can be concluded that the most significant type of carbohydrate in a banana is monosaccharide. This activity has you identify the most significant type of carbohydrate in common foods. Match the food with the one type of carbohydrate that is found in the highest amount in that food. Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.
foods contain different types of carbohydrates. A person wishing to alter the type of carbohydrate in his or her diet will need to know the most significant amounts of the various types carbohydrates in foods.
Jake runs from work to his evening nutrition class, and has no time to eat. He is feeling hungry and weak because he hasn't eaten in about 5 hours. At this time, where is he getting the glucose required to meet his energy needs? from insulin from liver glycogen from the brain from stored fat
from liver glycogen -Stored liver glycogen is broken down into glucose when needed.
The hormone responsible for raising blood glucose when levels decrease between meals is __________. glycogen amylase glucagon insulin
glucagon
From the list below, choose those foods that are rich in fiber and low in added sugars.
hummus almonds sweet potato
Soluble fiber __________. does not dissolve in water has not been related to reduced risk of disease is viscous, and can be digested by colon bacteria is not viscous, and cannot be digested
is viscous, and can be digested by colon bacteria
The primary function of carbohydrates is to __________. build and repair muscle tissue provide enzymes that aid in digestion and metabolism provide the building blocks to form ketones in the blood provide energy that fuels the brain, muscles, and other tissues in the body
provide energy that fuels the brain, muscles, and other tissues in the body
Carbohydrate digestion takes place in the __________. small intestine and mouth large intestine and stomach large intestine and liver stomach and esophagus
small intestine and mouth
Your friend Brenda is concerned that her drinking has increased to an excessive level, and she is looking for strategies to help her decrease her alcohol consumption. Which of these strategies would be MOST helpful to her in attaining this goal?
staying occupied with other activities at a party
Glucose is __________. the form of sugar that our bodies use for energy a digestive enzyme secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas broken down by digestion into polysaccharides and disaccharides
the form of sugar that our bodies use for energy
What is the best strategy to reverse a fatty liver?
STOP DRINKING ALCOHOL
Sam is tracking his daily diet on MyFitness Pal and found that he is consuming 35% of his daily calories from carbohydrates. What does this mean? Sam is getting an adequate amount of carbohydrates. Sam is eating excessive amounts of carbohydrates for his needs. Sam is not meeting his daily carbohydrate needs.
Sam is not meeting his daily carbohydrate needs. -Sam should get 45% to 65% of his kcals from carbohydrate to meet the AMDR.
Sarah is planning to go to a party where alcohol will be served. She plans to drink, but wants to make sure she manages the rate at which alcohol gets into her system. What is her best course of action?
Sarah should eat a meal containing protein prior to going to the party.
The most common source of added sugars in the American diet is __________. candy sweetened soft drinks fruits (fresh and canned) packaged cakes and cookies
sweetened soft drinks
Binge drinking is defined as __________.
the consumption of five or more alcoholic drinks on one occasion by a man or four or more drinks for a woman
