Chapter 4 Mastering Biology

A phosphate group contains _________ oxygen atoms.

4

How does a carbonyl group differ from a carboxyl group?

A carboxyl group contains H; a carbonyl does not

Hydroxyl group

A functional group consisting of a hydrogen atom joined to an oxygen atom by a polar covalent bond (-OH). Molecules possessing this group are soluble in water and are called alcohols

Phosphate group

A functional group important in energy transfer (PO4), it's ionic and make hydrogen bonds, it is a base

Carbonyl group

A functional group present in aldehydes and ketones consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom (-C=O)

Carboxyl group

A functional group present in organic acids, consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group (-COOH) (It's a carbonyl linked to a hydroxyl) It is polar, and acidic so it can give H+ to water.

Amino group (NH group)

A functional group that consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atome (-NH2); can act as a base in solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of -1. It is polar and a base, it can make hydrogen bonds with water and it can take an H+ from water.

Hydrocarbon tail

A long hydrocarbon chain that is part of a molecule such as a fatty acid, fat, or phospholipid

Organic molecule

A molecule that contains carbon atoms. All but the simplest carbon compounds also contain hydrogen atoms and various functional groups

Carbon skeleton

A part of an organic molecule consisting of several C atoms linked by covalent bonds

Functional group

A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and usually involved in chemical reactions

Functional groups

A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and usually involved in chemical reactions

Acid

A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution

Base

A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution

How does an aldehyde group differ from a ketone group?

Aldehydes, but not ketones, have H bound to C=O

Hydrogen bond

An electric attraction that occurs when a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge comes near another atom (typically O or N) with a partial negative charge. The partial charges derive from the atoms being engaged in covalent bonds with atoms that differ greatly in electronegativity

Which statement is true of organic molecules?

An organic molecule can have many functional groups

Which statement helps most to explain why life is based on carbon compounds?

C-C bonds are as strong as C-O bonds

What is the functional group that is most likely to ionize when a base is added to the solution?

Carboxyl groups, because they easily donate an H+ to water or to bases

Thiol group

Hydrogen sulfide, a (-SH) molecule. Basically organic molecules with sulfhydryl groups

Polar

In molecules or bonds, the presence of distinct regions that have partial positive and negative charges

What do carboxyl group do in a basic solution?

It releases H+

Enantiomers

One of a pair of molecules that are mirror-image isomers of each other

Geometric isomer

One of a set of molecules that differ only in orientation of groups across a double bond

Structural isomer

One of a set of molecules that have the same formula and similar functional groups but differ in structure of the carbon skeleton

Isomer

One of several organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties. The three types are structural isomers, geometric isomer, and enantiomers

Which functional group has the most different ionized forms?

Phosphate

Which functional group will, if released in combination with H, result in the smell of rotten eggs or volcanic vents?

Sulfhydryl group

pH

The negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration, [H+], in a solution. For example, [H+] = 10^-7M at pH 7.

What statement is true of hydroxyl groups?

They ionize more often when bound to C=O than when bound to CH2, also all alcohols and sugars have them

Ionize

To convert into ions

Amino groups

act as bases in water contain nitrogen atoms occur in proteins

A functional group on a molecule in solution carries two H atoms at pH 9 and three H atoms at pH 3. The functional group is probably. . .

amino

Non-ionized carboxyl groups cause a molecule to act as an acid because they ...

donate H+ ions to water