Chapter 4 mastering Biology

Some ribosomes are suspended in the cytosol of a cell, whereas other ribosomes _______.

are attached to the outside of the nucleus

A hormone that will be secreted from a cell is manufactured by ribosomes ________.

attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

Which one of the following groups is composed of prokaryotic cells?

bacteria

The electron microscope has been particularly useful in studying bacteria because __________.

bacteria are so small

The structural combination of DNA and protein forms ________.

chromatin

Within the nucleus of a cell, long DNA molecules and associated proteins form fibers called _____.

chromatin

The function of the chloroplast is to __________.

convert light energy to chemical energy

In eukaryotic cells, what name is given to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane?

cytoplasm

the term used to indicate the part of a eukaryotic cell where organelles are suspended in fluid is _____.

cytoplasm

If a cell's lysosomes burst, the cell would ______.

digest itself

Lysosomes are responsible for ______.

digestion of organic matter inside the cell

Which of the following is stored in the lysosomes of the cell?

digestive enzymes

The nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles make up the __________.

endomembrane system

A major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is that __________.

eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles; prokaryotic cells do not

When mixed with water, phospholipids spontaneously form membranes because they ______.

have hydrophilic phosphate groups that are attracted to water and hydrophobic fatty acid tails that avoid water

One difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is that eukaryotic cells ______ prokaryotic cells.

have membrane-enclosed structures called organelles, which are lacking in

A protist that contains contractile vacuoles most likely lives ______.

in fresh water

The most commonly used microscope, which uses visible light to view cells, is called a __________.

light microscope

Functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum include ________.

lipid synthesis, steroid synthesis, and drug detoxification

Based on its function in detoxifying drugs, you would expect to find a large amount of smooth ER in ______ cells.

liver

Tay-Sachs disease results from ______ lacking a specific type of lipid-digesting enzyme.

lysosomes

Information is transferred from the nucleus to ribosomes via ______.

mRNA

Rough endoplasmic reticulum appears "rough" because __________.

many ribosomes stud the outside of the ER membrane

Vacuoles are ______.

membranous sacs

When using a microscope to view cells you obtained from scraping under your fingernails, you notice that the cells lack nuclei; therefore, you conclude that the cells must be a type of ________ cell.

prokaryotic

The extracellular matrix of animal cells ________.

protects and support cells

Which of the following is a function of the Golgi apparatus?

protein modification

The Golgi apparatus mainly functions to modify _____.

proteins

Which of the following are the two main components of cellular membranes?

proteins and phospholipids

Which of the following is a function of the plasma membrane?

regulate the traffic of chemicals in and out of the cell

What is the primary site of protein production in a eukaryotic cell?

ribosomes

Cells in the thyroid gland produce and secrete thyroid hormone (a polymer of amino acids) that helps to regulate metabolism. What organelle is most likely abundant in cells of the thyroid gland?

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Where does protein synthesis take place?

on ribosomes

The concept of a membrane as a fluid mosaic reflects the ability of ______.

phospholipids and most proteins to drift about in the plane of the membrane

Which of the following is a feature of prokaryotic cells but not eukaryotic cells?

pili

You find a cell of a type you have never seen before. The cell has both a nucleus and a cell wall. Therefore, you conclude that it is likely to be a(n) ________ cell.

plant

Mitochondria, the sites of cellular respiration, are found in __________.

plant cells and animal cells

Which of these distinguishes a plant cell from an animal cell?

presence of a cell wall

What is the size of the smallest object that can be viewed as a distinct, separate object with a light microscope?

0.2 micrometers in diameter

Most human cells contain ______ chromosomes.

46

______ store the information necessary to produce proteins.

Genes

The endomembrane system includes ________.

Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and the endoplasmic reticulum

A study conducted by the National Institutes of Health on the infectivity of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) stated their hypothesis as __________.

MRSA bacteria lacking the ability to produce a protein (PSM) would be less deadly than those producing it

________ are the major lipids of plasma membranes.

Phospholipids

What is the smallest entity that exhibits all the characteristics of life?

a cell

The nuclear envelope is composed of ______.

a double membrane

Microtubules are associated with ________.

all of the answer choices

Which plant organelle is responsible for photosynthesis?

chloroplast

Tobacco smokers (and those exposed to tobacco smoke) are at greater risk of an ectopic (tubal) pregnancy. Based on your understanding of the structures of the cytoskeleton, what is the BEST explanation?

Tobacco interferes with the sweeping motion of cilia that aids in the movement of the egg toward the uterus.

Over 100 years ago, microbiologist Paul Ehrlich talked about his concept of the ideal antibiotic as a "magic bullet" that could kill harmful bacteria but have minimal side effects for the infected person. How do antibiotics accomplish this goal?

by targeting structures found only in bacterial cells and not the host cells

Which theory states that all living things are composed of cells?

cell theory

Plant cells, unlike animal cells, are characterized by the presence of a ________.

cell wall and a central vacuole

A plant cell has a versatile compartment that stores organic nutrients, absorbs water, and contains poisons that protect against plant-eating animals. This compartment is the _____.

central vacuole

In plant cells, ______ may contain organic nutrients, pigments, and poisons.

central vacuoles

Coded genetic information is produced in the nucleus and transferred to the cytoplasm in a molecule called _____.

messenger RNA

Which of the following are the components of the cytoskeleton that help move chromosomes when cells divide?

microtubules

During a race such as a marathon, the skeletal muscle cells in your legs use a lot of energy to continually contract and power your muscles. What organelle is most likely abundant in skeletal muscle cells?

mitochondria

In addition to the nucleus, which of the following are organelles that contain their own DNA and ribosomes?

mitochondria and chloroplasts

The fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane is characterized by __________.

molecules moving freely past one another

In some eukaryotic cells, cilia and flagella are motile, cellular appendages that aid the cell in __________.

movement

Residents of Bangladesh are thought to be developing resistance to infection by Vibrio cholera by __________.

natural selection of humans who have mutations in genes that result in cells being less susceptible to the cholera toxin

Which of the following structures manufactures the components of ribosomes?

nucleolus

Cellular respiration can be described as the conversion of the energy ________.

stored in food molecules to energy stored in ATP

Similar to the nucleus, chloroplasts and mitochondria are ________.

surrounded by two membranes

Which of the following parts of a cell is (are) most like the shipping center of a company?

the Golgi apparatus

Which of the following is an adaptation to increase the surface area of a part of a cell that is involved in cellular respiration?

the cristae of a mitochondrion

What is the genetic center of the eukaryotic cell?

the nucleus

What structures move proteins from the ER to the Golgi apparatus?

transport vesicles

Which of the following correctly matches the organelle with its function?

vacuole ... storage