Chapter 4 Quiz Review

Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when __________.

An individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep

What occurs during stage 1 sleep?

Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The brain's clock mechanism is located in an area of the hypothalamus known as the pineal nucleus."

The word "pineal" should be changed to the word "suprachiasmatic"

Why can amphetamines be used to treat ADHD in children?

They increase the neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control.

The __________ wave is a characteristic of stage 1 sleep.

alpha

Physical dependance on a drug is indicated by the user experiencing __________ as a result of discontinuing use of the drug.

changes in normal bodily function

Bev likes to be up late and sleep in; Caleb likes to wake up with the sun and go to bed early. A psychologist would say that they have different __________.

chronotypes

Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their __________ cycles are aligned with the outside world.

circadian

The __________ rhythm is the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours.

circadian

Melatonin release is stimulated by __________ and inhibited by __________.

darkness; light

Alcohol is considered a __________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity.

depressant

Sleep apnea is defined by __________.

episode during which a sleeper's breathing stops

Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness?

evolutionary

What can you do to realign your biological clock with the external world when you work a rotating shift?

expose yourself to bright light while working

Seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend are all examples of __________ stimuli.

external

Mescaline is considered a __________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences.

hallucinogenic

Katia is experiencing a state of extreme self-focus and attention. Her brother is trying to get her attention, but she ignores him. Her phone is buzzing, but she doesn't notice. This state was induced through __________.

hypnosis

While __________ is generally achieved through the interaction of a therapist and the person being treated, an individual can perform __________ alone.

hypnosis; meditation

The sleep debt is the result of __________.

insufficient sleep on a chronic basis

Feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions are all examples of __________ stimuli.

internal

Mona lives in North Carolina. She takes an overnight flight to California to visit with family for a month; when she arrives she is fatigued, sluggish, and irritable. For the next week or so she has trouble sleeping. Mona is probably suffering from __________.

jet lag

A theta wave is a type of __________.

low frequency, low amplitude brain wave

In a __________ dream, people become away that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content.

lucid

Nancy is aware that she is dreaming when she has a nightmare, so she concentrates and changes her dream from bad to good. This is a good example of __________ dreaming.

lucid

What hormone does the pineal gland release?

melatonin

Which of the following is an example of a synthetic opioid?

methadone

Samek was driving to work when he suddenly felt paralyzed and couldn't resist falling asleep. Samek may have __________.

narcolepsy

After Omar falls asleep he feels a sense of panic, screams, and attempts to escape from his room. Which parasomnia does Omar have?

night terrors

Morphine is considered a(n) __________ drug because it decrease pain.

opioid

NREM sleep is a period of sleep __________.

outside periods of REM sleep

Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of __________.

parasomnias

Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, though he smokes so infrequently that he experience no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify?

psychological dependence

Uncomfortable sensations in the leg during period of inactivity are a symptom of __________ leg syndrome.

restless

Which state is marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest while awake?

sleep

Which of the following statements about sleep deprivation is false?

sleep deprivation often results in ADHD

Hamid is 9-1-1 operator. When the blizzard began, he was told he would have to stay and work three extra shifts to cover for coworkers who were not able to drive to work through the storm. After 32 hours of exhausting work, he makes it home and discovers he is unable to fall asleep no matter how hard he tries. Hamid may be experiencing __________.

sleep rebound

Crack is considered more addictive than cocaine because it is __________.

smokeable, so it reaches the brain more quickly

Sleepwalking is also referred to as __________.

somnambulism

Cocaine is considered a __________ drug because it tends to increase overall level of neural activity.

stimulant

While the American Heart Association suggests that meditation might be used in conjunction with more traditional treatments as a way to manage hypertension, __________.

there is not adequate empirical support for its effectiveness

In what stage of sleep do sleep spindles appear?

2

The social cognitive theory of hypnosis suggests that __________.

People in hypnotic states are performing the social role of a hypnotized person.

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing __________ sleep.

REM

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "States of consciousness do not vary over the course of the day"

Remove the phrase "do not"

Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer?

Rosalind Cartwright

Which theorist described dreams as having manifest and latent content?

Sigmund Freud

Which of the following statements about rotating shift work is false?

It will probably lead to substance abuse.

Which of the following is an example of wakefulness?

Jemma, competing in a marathon

Which theorist suggested that dreaming may represent protoconsciousness?

John Hobson

Which of the following statements about sleep-wake cycles is false?

Melatonin initiates the waking cycle.