Chapter 4 quiz

A highly goal-oriented person experiencing constant intrusive thoughts about unfinished goals is most likely experiencing the _____.

Zeigarnik effect

Who is most likely to develop learned helplessness and refuse to try again?

a person who attributes his failure to talents that he is simple unable to develop

Who is likely to adjust best to newly implemented, exceptionally demanding productivity requirements at work?

a person who knows he can easily find another job

Jaclyn wants to become a neuroscientist. She has known this since middle school, when she saw a functional magnetic resonance imaging scan performed on jazz musicians while they listened to music. Jaclyn has just started her undergraduate education as a psychology major and recognizes that she has a long way to go. Jaclyn is motivated and dedicated to her goals, but if she is like most people, when would you expect her motivation to wane?

about midway through, probably when she is nearing completion of her

When faced with too many decisions, a person spending too much energy on early choices and taking the easy way for later choices is an example of _____.

decision fatigue

Which form of decision avoidance involves choosing an option that requires one to do nothing?

default option

Seven-year-old Maxwell has been promised a trip to an amusement park just before school starts in the fall if he reaches certain goals. These include reading at least one book a week, completing an arithmetic workbook, going to his swimming lessons and passing the test, and completing his chores. Maxwell is very excited about the trip, but for it to work as a reward, Maxwell must have the ability to _____.

delay gratification

Ari understands that she has to study if she wants to pass her classes, but she also knows that there will be times when her motivation to study will be extremely low. She can best continue to study through periods of low motivation by _____.

developing the habit of studying my according to a schedule for each class

One of the reasons people may engage in behaviors that can cause them harm is _____, such as when people use smokeless tobacco because they think that unlike cigarettes, smokeless tobacco cannot cause cancer.

faulty knowledge

The idea of abstinence-only sex education, in which adolescents are taught that no sexual activity is permissible outside of marriage, remains a popular approach among some groups, despite the fact that research has shown that it is ineffective and even counterproductive. Based on the TOTE model, what is the best way to teach young people to exert self-control over their sexual impulses?

give them an opportunity to develop their willpower via acceptable contact

A company facing extreme low morale and performance issues among its employees can improve the situation by _____.

giving staff some autonomy in making decisions regarding obligations and scheduling

Pauletta's goal orientation has sometimes created problems for her. For example, while working on particularly interesting, challenging coding problems, she may neglect other, perfectly reasonable goals, such as assignments for other classes, or even eating. Pauletta is experiencing _____.

goal shielding

Dori decries contemporary culture because she believes that people have far too much freedom and therefore do whatever they want. She also believes that chaos will inevitably result. What should Dori know about the importance of freedom of choice?

greater freedom is associated with greater behavioral flexibility and greater self-regulation

Stephen recognizes that if he does not improve his study skills, he is unlikely to graduate on time. Which strategy is most likely to produce fast results?

keeping a calendar recording how much time he spends studying for each course, every day

One of the reasons people may engage in behaviors that can cause them harm is _____, such as drinking alcohol to relax at parties even though doing so increases the risk of unsafe sexual activities.

making tradeoffs

When people are overly optimistic about succeeding in a project without considering any possible problems, they have fallen prey to the _____.

planning fallacy

Gus is preparing for his senior recital, which is the last requirement for his degree. There are several passages of one piece, however, that frequently create problems in his performance. Gus would be best served by imagining himself _____.

practicing hard and mastering the troublesome passage

Forbidding someone from doing something makes it more attractive to them. This is consistent with the theory of _____.

reactance

What has research shown about concepts such as the death drive and fear of success?

research supports neither Freud's death drive nor Horner's fear of success

People influenced by the status quo bias are likely to _____.

stick with what they have