chapter 4 social stratification

prejudice

A negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority not disliking someone because of their behavior

cohort

A population group unified by a specific common characteristic, such as age, and subsequently treated as a statistical unit.

racism

Belief that one race is superior to another

conspicuous consumption

FBuying and using products because of the "statement" they make about social position

social mobility

Movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another

redlining

a practice in which banks refuse to make loans to people living in certain geographic locations

structural mobility

a societal change that enables a whole group of people to move up or down the class ladder

social gerontology

a specialized field of gerontology that examines the social (and sociological) aspects of aging

Second World

a term from the Cold War era that describes nations with moderate economies and standards of living China or Cuba

Fourth World who added this term?

a term that describes stigmatized minority groups who have no voice or representation on the world stage Manual Castells

selective optimization with compensation theory

a theory based on the idea that successful personal development throughout the life course and subsequent mastery of the challenges associated with everyday life are based on the components of selection, optimization, and compensation Baltes and Baltes

peripheral nations

according to world systems theory, nations that are dependent on core nations for capital, have little or no industrialization and have uneven patterns of urbanization

activity theory

activity levels and social involvement are key to this process, and key to happiness

secondary aging

aging that occurs due to controllable factors like exercise and diet

sexual orientation

an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)

upward mobility

an increase—or upward shift—in social class

Geotranscendence

as people age, they transcend the limited views of life they held in earlier times. Tornstam

heteronormative society

assumes sexual orientation is biologically determined and unambiguous

class system

based on both social factors and individual achievement consists of a set of people who share similar status

sociologist on gender

behavior on how you act would be the same around the world

queer theory

social theory about gender and sexual identity; emphasizes the importance of difference and rejects ideas of innate identities or restrictive categories

social construction of sexuality

socially created definitions about the cultural appropriateness of sex-linked behavior which shape how people see and experience sexuality

Social Straification

societys categorization of people into rankings of socioeconomic tiers based on wealth, income, race, education, etc

Greif

the feeling of deep sadness when someone you had deep concern for or loved died

gender identity

the individual's sense of being male or female

sedimentation of racial inequality

the intergenerational impact of both practical and legalized racism that limits the abilities of black people to accumulate wealth

absolute deprivation

the minimum level of subsistence below which families or individuals should not be expected to exist

glass ceiling (gender inequality)

the mostly invisible barrier that keeps women from advancing to the top levels at work

capital flight

the movement (flight) of capital from one nation to another, via jobs and resources

relative deprivation

the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

internal colonialism

the policy of exploiting minority groups for economic gain

socialization of gender

the process of learning the social expectations and attitudes associated with one's sex

assimilation

the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another usually take on characteristics of dominant group

Thanatology

the study of death and dying

global inequality

the systematic differences in wealth and power between countries

culture of prejudice

the theory that prejudice is embedded in our culture

class traits

the typical behaviors, customs, and norms that define each class (also called class markers)

gender stratification

the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between men and women

stratification

the uneven distribution of resources and privileges among participants in a group or culture

intersection theory

theory that suggests we cannot separate the effects of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and other attributes Patricia Hill Collins

feminism 3rd movement

today least industrialized countries workforce qualities removal of objectification

minority group Wirth

"any group of people who, because of their physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out from the others in the society in which they live for differential and unequal treatment

expulsion

dominant group forcing out subordinate group

poverty line

1/5 of US pop 2015 $24,250 for a family of four greater gap between rich and poor in recent economic growth

feminism first movement

1920s right to vote

feminism 2nd movement

1960s earn equal pay

Origins of Patriarchy

2 theories 1. women had to stay at home and take care babies 2. men were physically more powerful so they went to war and hunted. dominant group

income gap

2015 median income males- $50,285 females- $39,621

stereotype

A generalized belief about a group of people

racial group

A group that is set apart from others because of obvious physical differences

Transsexual

a person who has changed sexes

symbolic interactionism on gender

Gender is learned through the process of socialization; gender inequalities are reproduced through interactions with family, peers, schools, and the media

interactionism theory on prejudice

Herbert Bulmer- formed through interactions between members of the dominant group

Tumin's critique of Davis and Moore

How do we know that the positions that offer higher rewards are more important? If functionalism is true, why aren't we more of a Meritocracy (a form of social stratification in which all positions are awarded on the basis of merit). If social stratification is so functional, why is it dysfunctional for so many?

what determines social class

MARX: the means of production (class consciousness) individuals that own means of production workers

sociological models of social class

Marx capitalist and workers Wright: capitalists, petty bourgeoisie (owners of small businesses, managers (authority over others), workers

consequences of social class

Physical health- unequal access to medical care, unhealthy lifestyle mental health- stresses of poverty, less vacations family life- pressure continue family line, more divorce education religion politics- liberal economic conservative- social criminal justice- police and court, prison parole, probation

de facto segregation

Racial segregation that occurs in schools, not as a result of the law, but as a result of patterns of residential settlement

Segregation

Separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences

sexuality

a person's capacity for sexual feelings

Third World

Term applied to a group of "developing" or "underdeveloped" countries who professed nonalignment during the Cold War. Latin America and Asia, parts of Africa

Davis Moore thesis

The greater the importance of a position, the more rewards a society attaches to it.

first world

The group of nation-states that possesses mature industrialized economies based on capitalistic production. United states and Japan

genocide (extermination)

The systematic killing of people within one category, often with the intent of eliminating the entire category of people - Holocaust

dependacy ratio

`The number of people under 15 and over 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

intragenerational mobility

a difference in social class between different members of the same generation

ethnic group

a group of people who share a common culture and ancestry basis of natural origin language, marriage, food habits

Hospice

a home providing care for the sick, especially the terminally ill.

absolute poverty

a lack of resources that is life-threatening lives on less than $1.25 a day

social class

a large group of people who rank closely to one another in wealth, power, and prestige

downward mobility

a lowering of one's social class

Gini Coefficient

a measure of income inequality between countries using a 100-point scale, in which 1 represents complete equality and 100 represents the highest possible inequality

primary aging

biological factors such as molecular and cellular changes

Erick Erickson on aging

broke life span into 8 phases each phase has a challenge that has to be overcome

sociological models of social class Gibert and Kahl

capitalist 1% $1 million income upper middle 15% professionals college lower middle 34% lower managers HS degree working 30% white collar HS degree working poor 16% blue collar bad in HS underclass 4% inner city

Symbolic Interactionism on aging

changes associated with old age, in and of themselves, have no inherent meaning

intergenerational mobility

changes in the social position of children relative to their parents

authoritarian personality theory

claims that prejudice is a personality trait of certain individuals, especially those with little education and those raised by cold and demanding parents

How do elites maintain stratification

control of ideas dictators and democracy control information selectively release info technology monitor activities

why is stratification universal functionalist perspective

davis and moore important positions that must be filled need qualified people greater rewards

gender dysphoria

diagnosis for a person whose gender at birth is contrary to the one with which the person identifies

heterosexism

discrimination or prejudice against homosexuals on the assumption that heterosexuality is the normal sexual orientation

core nations

dominant capitalist countries, highly industrialized, technological, and urbanized

conflict theory on prejudice

economic and structural inequality social structures serve interests of the powerful split labor market- division of workers reserve labor force- unemployed blaming the victim

Modernization Theory

elderly losing power and influence in society are the parallel forces of industrialization and modernization

continuity theory

elderly make specific choices to maintain consistency in internal and external structures remaining active and involved throughout their elder years.

conflict perspective on aging

elderly struggle with other groups—for example, younger society members—to retain a certain share of resources.

conflict perspective on global stratification

focus on creation and reproduction of inequality address inequality when core nations exploit resources of benefits only some not all

subculture of aging theory

focuses on the shared community created by the elderly when they are excluded (due to age), voluntarily or involuntarily, from participating in other groups

structural functionalism on gender

gender roles established before pre-industrial era women were limited by physical restraints of nursing and pregnancy roles were passed down to future generations

conflict theory on gender

gender roles result from male dominance problems are created when dominant groups oppress subordinate groups

who are the poor

geography: the South and rural race ethnicity: 9% white 21% latinos 26% african american education age least likely elder most likely children Head of household- feminization of poverty mother or father least likely to be poor single mother most likely

gerontocracy

government of the old

High income nation

highest standard of living, 80% of worlds nations $12.746 per capita

functionalist perspective on global stratification

how all aspects of society are integral to health and viability of a whole focus on why we have global inequality and what purpose it has

gender inequality worldwide

illiteracy higher in women than men women lag behind men in HS enrollment women poorly represented in politics (10% in world politics)

exchange theory

increasingly submit to the will of others because we have fewer ways of compelling others to submit to us Dowd

Minority (or subordinate) group

less control/power overself economic and political powerlessness

standard of living

level of wealth available in certain socioeconomic class in order to acquire the material necessities and comforts to maintain its lifestyle.

gender inequality

medicine and healthcare- 2x more likely to die politics- underrepresented (women) education- more females than males in college earn 57% BA degrees

functionalist theory on prejudice

moral justification to a society discourages minorities to question low status strengthen bonds failed use of recourses increases social problems

pluralism

mutual respect between the various groups in a society for one another's cultures, allowing minorities to express their own culture without experiencing prejudice or hostility

low income nations

nations with a low standard of living in which most people are poor $1.045 or less per capita average $528 per capita 28% urban areas

middle income nations

nations with a standard of living about average for the world as a whole between $1,045 and $12,746 average $7594 per capita 62% urban

Deindustrialization

no new companies open to replace jobs lost to foreign nations

what determines social class WEBER

not only property but people as well prestige- other skills power- ability to control others

Semipheriphery Nations

not powerful enough to dictate but major source for raw material

amalgamation

occurs when majority and minority groups combine to form a new group

feminist theory of gender

patriarchy is the cause of women's oppression mens contributions are seen more valuable than womens

institutional racism

patterns of discrimination based on ethnicity that have become structured into existing social institutions

global stratification

patterns of social inequality in the world as a whole

Baby Boomers

people born between 1946 and 1964

Functionalist Perspective on aging

people with better resources who stay active in other roles adjust better to old age

ageism who coined the term?

prejudice and discrimination directed at people because of their age

Senescence

process of aging

status inconsistency

ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others

racial steering

real estate agents advising customers to purchase homes in neighborhoods depending on their race

gender

refers to the physical, behavioral, and personality traits that a group considers normal for its male and female members

structural functionalism on sexuality

regulating sexual behavior to ensure marital cohesion and family stability talcott parsons regulation of sexual activity is important part of family functions

Filial Piety

respect shown by children for their parents and elders

scapegoating theory

says that prejudiced people believe they are society's victims dominant group will displace aggression onto subordinate group

gender roles

sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one's status as male or female

ethnicity

shared culture, which may include heritage, language, religion, and more

racial profiling

singling out an individual as a suspect due to appearance of ethnicity

Doing Gender

something we do or perform not something we are west and Zimmerman

relative property

state of living where people can afford necessities but are unable to meet societies average standard of living

Symbolic Interactionism perspective on global strat.

studies day to day impact on global inequality what someone in core nation def as poverty vs what someone in peripheral nation def as poverty

Gerontology

study of the aging process

age stratification theory

suggests that age is a way of regulating the behavior of a generation

Meritrocracy

system based on the belief that social stratification is the result of personal effort that determines social standing

labeling theory

the belief that individuals subconsciously notice how others see or label them, and their reactions to those labels over time form the basis of their self-identity

biological determinism

the belief that men and women behave differently due to inherent sex differences related to their biology

sexism

the belief that one sex is innately superior to the other

colorism

the belief that one type of skin tone is superior or inferior to another within a racial group

feminism

the belief that women should possess the same political and economic rights as men stratification according to gender is wrong

sex

the biological distinction between females and males

debt accumulation

the buildup of external debt

status consistency

the consistency of an individual's rank across social categories like income, education, and occupation

A minority group is distinguished by

unequal treatment and less power over their lives, distinguishing physical or cultural traits like skin color or language, involuntary membership in the group awareness of subordination high rate of in-group marriage Harris and Wagley

endogamous marriages

unions of people within the same social category

exogamous marriages

unions of spouses from different social categories

Discrimination

unjustifiable negative behavior or action toward a group and its members

Immanuel Wallerstein's World Systems Theory

uses economic basis to understand global inequality core nations peripheral nations semiperipheral nations

components of social class

wealth -net worth (income and property) power (mills-power elite power in hands of few) prestige- respect people give to occupations or accomplishments

caste system

where people can do little or nothing to change their social standing born into and remain in it their whole lives

disengagement theory

withdrawing from society and social relationships is a natural part of growing old