CHAPTER 4: STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS

Lucid Dreams

(John Hubson) are dreams in which certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during dream stare. A person becomes aware of the fact that they are dreaming, and they can control the dreams content.

People with insomnia experience

(self perpetuating cycle) high levels of anxiety about their inability to fall asleep. Which leads to increased arousal, and higher levels of arousal make the prospect of falling asleep even more unlikely.

How to bring someone to state of suggestibility

1. Participant is guided to focus on one thing, such as hypnotists words or a ticking watch. 2. Participant made comfortable and is directed to be relaxed and sleepy. 3. Participant is told to be open to the process and must trust and let go. 4. Participant is encouraged to use his or her imagination.

5-10 years

10-11 hours

3-5 years

11-13 hours

1-3 years

12-14 hours

0-3 months

12-18 hours of sleep

3-1 year

14-15 hours

We can spend approximately ________________ of our lives sleeping. Some animals can never sleep such as _____________. Other animals can go several periods of time without sleep and no negative consequences like _________________. But yet some animals can die after two weeks of sleep deprivation like _____.

25 years; amphibians and fish; dolphins; rats.

McCarty's 2010 case study

50 year old woman who sought to help for excessive sleepiness during normal waking hours. She indicated that she had fallen asleep at inappropriate and dangerous times, while eating, socializing, with friends, driving. Attempts to treat her with stimulant drug did not work but when used in conjunction with popular antidepressants her condition improved dramatically.

18 and older

7-9 hours

Average life expectancy for us citizens is between

73 and 79.

10-18 years

8-10 hours

Things we can do to realign biological clocks

:exposure to bright light during working shift, and dark exposure to dark light when not working can help combat insomnia and symptoms of anxiety and depression.

high;lower

Alertness is associated with ______ body temperatures and sleepiness is associated with ____ body temperatures.

Clonazepam

Anti-anxiety medication with sedative properties is most often used to treat RBD. Administered alone or in conjunction with melatonin. Sleeping environment is modified to make it safer.

Theta waves

Are even lower frequency (4-7Hz), higher amplitude brain waves than alpha waves. - It is easy to wake someone up from stage 1.

Rosalind Cartwright

Believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer. -Has empirical support. For example, she and her colleagues published a study in which women going through a divorce were asked several times over a five month period to report the degree to which their former spouses were in their minds. These women were awakened during REM sleep to be asked detailed account of their dream content.

Narcolepsy

Cannot resist falling asleep at inopportune times. Associated with cataplexy. Has features of REM sleep. Individuals experience vivid, dream like hallucinations during narcoleptic attacks. -Triggered by states of heightened arousal or stress. -Report that they feel refreshed. -Associated with reduced levels of signaling molecule hypocretin.

Cognitive benefits of sleep:

Creative thinking, language learning, and inferential judgements, processing emotional information.

Central sleep apnea

Disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing cause periods of interrupted breathing.

pituitary gland secretes both

FSH and LH hormone which is important for regulating reproductive system. and also growth hormone which plays a role in physical growth and maturation.

Stage 2:

Goes into a state of deep relaxation. Theta waves still dominate but are interrupted by bursts of activity known as sleep spindles. K-complexes may also be associated.

risk

Individuals suffering from sleep deprivation can put themselves and other at. _______ risk when they put themselves behind a wheel of a car or work with dangerous machinery.

persons chronotype

Individuals with differences in circadian patterns of activity are known as __________________. - research demonstrates that morning larks and night owls differ with regards to sleep regulation.

SIDS Research

Infants should be placed on their backs when they're sleeping, their cribs should not contain any items (blankets, pillows, crib bumpers) No caps on their heads, no smoking in home.

Sleep

Is a state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during full wakefulness.

Homeostasis

Is the tendency to maintain balance, or optimal level within biological system.

Opiates

Natural Opioids. They are derivatives of opium, which is a naturally occurring compound found in the poppy plant there are now several synthetic versions of these, thus opioids.

2 types of apnea

Obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea.

Melatonin

One important regulator of sleep-wake cycles is the hormone. -Melatonin is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light.

circadian rhythm

Pattern of temperature fluctuation is an example of

2 different general phases of sleep:

REM & NREM (non-REM)

obesity, increased blood pressure, increased levels of stress hormones, and reduced immune functioning.

Sleep deprivation is associated with

depression like symptoms.

Sleep deprivation results in

2nd evolutionary hypothesis:

Sleep holds that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which increase in darkness. -intuitive. Research suggests that species that face higher predatory risks sleep fewer hours than other species.

1 evolutionary hypothesis:

Sleep is essential to restore resources that are expended during the day. -intuitive. There is little support of this. Research had found negative correlation between energetic demands and the amount of sleep.

thalamus, hypothalamus, and the pons

Sleep wake-cycle is controlled by multiple brain areas acting in conjunction with one another.

Examples of parasomnia

Sleepwalking, restless leg syndrome, and night terrors.

newborns

The national sleep foundation cites research to estimate that _______ require the most sleep (12-18 hours) and that this amount declines to just 7-9 when were adults.

Barbiturates, benzodiazepines. (DEPRESSANTS)

These drugs share in common ability to serve as agonists of the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID (GAMA) neurotransmitter system. GAMA has a quieting effect on the brain. These drugs are often prescribed to treat anxiety and insomnia.

REM (5th stage and final)

This is a period in which dreaming occurs. Associated with paralysis of muscle systems in the body with exception of those that make circulation and respiration possible. No movement of voluntary muscles occur during REM sleep. -Also referred to as paradoxical sleep because of high brain activity and lack of muscle tone.

Sleep debt

When a person does not get sufficient sleep on a chronic basis. Consequences: decreased levels of alertness, and mental efficiency.

7-8

While we certainly welcome the convenience of having the darkness lit up, we also suffer the consequences of reduced amounts of sleep because we are more active during the nighttime hours than our ancestors were. As a result, many of us get___hours a night and accrue a sleep debt.

Variations and adaptions

____________________________ in cognition and behavior make individuals more or less successful in reproducing and passing their genes to their offspring.

Sleep-wake cycle

a daily, naturally occurring 24-hour circadian rhythm of sleep. It is linked to our environments natural light-dark cycle. We also have daily fluctuations in heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, and body temperature.

Depressant is

a drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity.

Pineal gland

an endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin, is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and of the immune system during sleep.

biological rhythms

are internal rhythms of biological activity. Example: Women's menstrual cycle is an example. it is a reoccurring, cyclical pattern of bodily changes. One complete menstrual cycle take about 28 days, a lunar month, but many biological rhythms are shorter. Example 2: Body temperature fluctuates cyclically over 24 hour period.

Stage 3 and 4:

are referred to as deep sleep or slow wave sleep because they're characterized by low frequency (up to 4Hz) and high amplitude delta waves. -Individuals heart rate and respiration slow dramatically. -Individuals who have increased levels of alpha brain wave activities in stages 3 and 4 report they don't feel awake upon waking.

Collective Unconscious (Jung)

as described by Jung, is a theoretical repository of information he believed to be shared by everyone. Certain symbols in dreams reflect universal archetypes with meanings that are similar for all people regardless of culture or location.

Chronic insomnia

associated with the feeling of being overtired and may be associated with symptoms of depression.

Must clear the mind in order to achieve a state of ___________ __________ _______________.

awareness and focus.

drugs to treat restless leg syndrome

benzodiazepines, opiates, and anticonvulsants.

cocaine and amphetamines

block removal of dopamine from synaptic cleft. -amphetamines are often prescribed to children with ADHD.

Opioid

category of drug that includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine. They have analgesic properties meaning they decrease pains. -Humans have endogenous opioid neurotransmitter system the body makes small quantities of opioid compounds that bind to opioid receptors reducing pain and producing euphoria.

EEG (electroencephalogram)

certain patterns of sleep can be visualized by ______________________ and different phases of sleep can be differentiated.

Physical dependence

changes in normal bodily functions, the user will experience withdraw from the drug upon cessation of use.

Researchers suggests that sleep deprivation affects

cognitive and motor function as much as or more than intoxication does.

Opioid like compounds are often found in

cough like suppressants, anti-nausea, and anti-diarrhea medications. Withdrawal reaction: resembles severe case of the flu.

Sleep apnea

defined by episodes during which a sleepers breathing stops. These episodes can last 10-20 seconds or longer. Associated with brief periods of arousal. They experience fatigue. - people who seek for treatment because sleeping partners indicate they snore loud or stop breathing while they're asleep. -Common in overweight people. -Consequences of insufficient sleep.

Consciousness

describes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. -might be described as a continuum that ranges from full awareness to deep sleep.

CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure)

device includes a mask that fits over the sleepers nose and mouth which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the persons airways forcing them to remain open. -New recent device is EPAP (expiratory positive air pressure)

dreaming may represent the state of protoconsciousness

dreaming involves constructing virtual reality in our heads that we might use to help us during wakefulness.

unconscious states of being via

drug induced anesthesia.

Stimulants

drugs that are used to increase overall level of neural activity. These act as agonists of the dopamine neurotransmitter system. includes: cocaine (or crack), amphetamines (meth), Cathinones (bath salts) MDMA (ectasy), nicotine, and caffeine. Examples: repeated drug use can lead to overall depletion among monoamine neurotransmitters.

Euphoric high

feelings of intense elation and pleasure, especially those who take the drug via, intravenous injection or smoking. Symptoms: nausea, elevated blood pressure, increased heart rate. Causes feelings of: anxiety, hallucinations, and paranoia.

Psychological dependence

has emotional need for the drug and may use the drug to relieve psychological distress.

Methadone clinics

help people who have struggled with opioid addiction.

Nicotine

highly addicted, use of tobacco products associated with increased risks of heart disease, strokes, and cancers. -exerts affects with interaction with acetylcholine receptors. Which functions as neurotransmitter in motor neurons.

dissociation theory of hypnosis (Ernest Hilgard)

hypnosis is effectively a dissociated state of consciousness, much like when you drive to work but you are minimally aware of the process because your attention is focused elsewhere. - He induced patients into hypnosis, and placed their arms into ice water. They were told that they would not feel pain but they could press a button if they did. While they reported that they did not feel pain, they did in fact press the button, suggesting dissociation.

Awareness of Internal Stimuli

includes; feelings of pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions.

Awareness of external stimuli

includes; seeing the light from the sun, feeling warmth of a room, hearing a voice of a friend.

REM rebound

increased amounts of REM sleep after being deprived of REM sleep on earlier nights. REM sleep is also homeostatically regulated. -May be an adaptive response to stress in non-depressed individuals by suppressing the emotional salience of aversive events that occurred in wakefulness.

SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome)

infant stops breathing during sleep and dies. -Infants younger than 12 months. -Boys have higher risks. -Premature births, smoking within the home, hyperthermia.

Meditators attention is focused on ____________ _____________, __ ____________ _____________,.

internal process, or external object.

Caffeine

involves in antagonizing adenosine activity. Kromann and Nielson reported on a case study of 40 year old women who suffered significant ill effects from use of caffeine. She got warning signs of cardiovascular disease and diabetes.

Cognitive function theory of sleep

involves sleeps importance for cognitive function and memory formation. Sleep deprivation leads to impairments to maintain attention, make decisions, and recall longterm memories.

circadian rhythm

is a biological rhythm that takes place over a period of 24hours. -play roles in changes of our state of consciousness.

Jet lag

is a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between internal circadian cycles and our environment. Symptoms: fatigue, sluggishness, irritability and insomnia. Cause: Traveling across multiple time zones.

Insomnia

is a consistent difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep for at least 3 nights a week over months time.

ethanol (alcohol)

is a depressant (psychoactive drug) - women who drinks alcohol while pregnant can have birth defects like fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. (FASD) or FAS.

Evolutionary psychology

is a discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result of natural selection.

Sleep spindles

is a rapid bursts of higher frequency brain waves that may be important in learning and memory.

meta-analysis

is a study that combines the results of many related studies, conducted within the last decade indicates that by the time we are 65 years old, we average fewer than 7 hours of sleep per day. -Since sleep varies along our lifespan, sleep debt would adjust accordingly.

Methadone

is a synthetic opioid that is less euphorigenic than heroine and similar drugs. This is given during withdrawal to make it less painful as well as, buprenorphine.

Methamphetamine

is a type of amphetamine that can be made from ingredients that are available. (Like medications containing pseudoephedrine, a compound found in OTC cold and flu remedies) -it is easily accessible and inexpensive.

cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

is a type of psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors. -Has been shown to treat insomnia.

K complex

is a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli. Might serve as a bridge to higher levels of arousal in response to what is going on in our environment.

REM (rapid eye movement) sleep

is characterized by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids. Brain waves during REM appear similar to brain waves during wakefulness. (Fifth and final stage)

Wakefulness

is characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior.

parasomnia

is one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity or experiences during sleep play a role.

The pons

is responsible for regulating rapid eye movement sleep.

non-REM (NREM) sleep

is subdivided into 4 stages distinguished from each other and from wakefulness by characteristic patterns of brain waves.

Meditation

is the act of focusing on a single target (like breathing or repeated sound) to increase awareness of the moment. -an individual can do this alone while a hypnosis requires a therapist. Patterns of brain waves exhibited by expert meditators may represent unique state of consciousness shown by EEG. -may reduce blood pressure, may manage hypertension. -shows promise in stress management and sleep quality and treats moods and anxiety disorders and pain management. -Religious practice like Meditating Buddha

manifest content of dreams

is the actual content or storyline of a dream.

REM sleep deprivation may be beneficial because

it improves symptoms of people suffering from major depression and many effective antidepressant medications suppress REM sleep. -They have suggested that sleep deprivation might change emotional processing so that various stimuli are more likely to be perceived as positive in nature.

Cataplexy

lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles

Hypothalamus

lies above the pituitary gland, is the main center of homeostasis.

Tolerance

linked to psychological dependence and occurs when a person requires more and more to achieve effects previously experienced at lower dose.

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

located in the hypothalamus, manages the electrical activity in brain - when to be awake /fall asleep. It is the brains clock mechanism. -The axons of light sensitive neurons on the retina provide information to the SCN based on the amount of light present, allowing this internal clock to synchronized with the outside world.

Benefits of sleep listed by National Sleep Foundation:

maintaining healthy weight, lowering stress levels, improving mood, increasing motor coordination, and cognitive and memory formation.

FRMI

measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow

Secretion and regulation of hormones from endocrine glands include:

melatonin, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and growth hormone.

Research on Rotating shift work.

middle aged nurses who worked rotating shifts and several nurses commented that their work schedules affected their relationships with their family.

Drug withdrawal

negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued.

REM sleep behavior disorder

occurs when the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur. They have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep. Includes: kicking, yelling, punching, scratching, and behaving like an animal thats been frightened. These all can affect sleep but they have no memories of it. -Associated with neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease

Hallucinogens

one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences. Also hallucinations of body sensations and skewed perception of passage of time. -they affect mescaline and LSD are serotonin agonists and PCP (angel dust, and ketamine (animal anesthetic) act as asme sort of abuse.

Hypnosis has been shown to be effective in

pain management, treatment of depression, anxiety, smoking cessation, and weight loss.

Excessive levels of alcohol

people may experience complete loss of consciousness or difficulty remembering events that occurred during period of intoxication.

As dose increases of alcohol

people report feeling sedated. Alcohol is associated with decreases in reaction time, and visual acuity, low levels of alertness, and reduction in behavioral control.

Codeine

prescribed for minor pain and available OTC.

Narcolepsy is treated by

psychomotor stimulant drugs like amphetamines. They promote increased levels of neural activity.

Sleep regulation

refers to the brain's control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world.

Sleep rebound

refers to the fact that sleep deprived individuals will tend to take a shorter of time to fall asleep during subsequent opportunities for sleep.

Latent Content

refers to the hidden meaning of a dream. Example: A women may dream about being chased by a snake and Freud would have argued that it represents the women's fear of sexual intimacy, with the snake serving as a symbol of a mans penis.

Rotating shift work

refers to work schedule that changes from early > late on a daily or weekly basis. -it becomes difficult for normal circadian rhythm to be maintained. Can lead to: depression and anxiety Common in: health care professions, and service industries and they're associated with persistent feelings of exhaustion and agitation that can lead to someone making mistakes in job.

Thalamus

regulates slow-wave sleep.

states of consciousness

related to daydreaming, intoxication as a result of alcohol or other drug use, mediative state, hypnotic states, and altered states of consciousness following sleep deprivation.

Heroin users have

risks for contraction of tuberculosis and HIV due to intravenous injections followed by needle track marks in arms.

Social-congitive theory of hypnosis

sees person in hypnotic states as performing the social role of a hypnotized person. -their fulfillment of social expectations for that tole.

Night terror

sense of panic in the sufferer and often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape from immediate environment. -Occur during NREM

Siegel

sleep must also include mention of interplay of the circadian and homeostatic mechanisms that regulate sleep.

Hypnosis

state of extreme self focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli. -Clinician may use relaxation and suggestion in an attempt to alter the thoughts and perceptions of a patient. Hypnosis has been used to draw out information that have may been deep into someones memories.

Treatment of insomnia

stress management techniques, changes in problematic behaviors.

30 to 50% of people

suffer from a sleeping disorder at some point.

sleepwalking (somnambulism)

the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors ranging from wandering to driving an automobile. -have their eyes open but not open to communicate. -occurs during slow-wave sleep -Has been treated with variety of pharmacotherapies ranging from benzodiazepines to antidepressants. Has been questionable. Somnambulistic patients who suffered from sleep related breathing problems showed marked decrease when breathing problems were treated.

People who suffer from insomnia may limit

their use of stimulant drugs (caffeine), or increase their amount of physical exercise during the day. Some people may turn to over the counter drugs to help them sleep. But this results on dependence and alters the nature of the sleep cycle.

Stage 1 of sleep:

transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep, the period during which we drift off to sleep. -The is a slow down of rates of respiration and heartbeat. -Decrease in muscle tension and core body temperatures.

Alpha waves

type of relatively low frequency (8-13Hz) and high amplitude patterns of electrical activity waves that become synchronized. (resembles someone who is relaxed, yet awake); characteristic of beginning of stage 1 sleep.

restless leg syndrome

uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep. This discomfort is relieved when moving the legs. -has been associated with chronic kidney disease and diabetes.

At low doses, alcohol

use is associated with feelings of euphoria.

Sigmund Freud suggested dreams

we're an opportunity to gain access to the unconscious. Freud thought people could increase self awareness and gain valuable insight to help them deal with the problems they faced during their lives.

Obstructive sleep apnea

when an individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep and air is prevented from entering the airway.

Dopamine activity is associated

with reward and craving. The drugs that affect dopamine neurotransmission often have abuse liability.