Chapter 4 Study Guide for AP Human Geography (Folk and Popular Culture)

origins of folk culture

- Often comes from anonymous places of origins (hearths) - No one really knows when many of these cultures where started and who created them

origin of popular culture

- Often comes from developed countries, especially in North America and Europe - You can typically trace its origins, like who started it and where it originated from

How do the terms homogeneous and heterogeneous relate to the topic of globalization?

Globalization promotes homogeneity in culture and has taken away certain heterogeneous aspects of culture, specifically many aspects of folk culture, and converted it to homogeneity through pop culture

How does globalization threaten folk culture?

Globalization threatens folk culture by promoting homogeneity through popular culture. Folk culture is filled with heterogeneity and globalization could erase the history behind it and turn the world into a uniform landscape with virtually no heterogeneity.

heterogeneous

composed of unlike parts; different; diverse

what are food preferences strongly influenced by?

cultural traditions

Habit

repetitive act performed by a particular individual (someone wearing the same shoes every time they leave the house)

cultural relativism

the concept/practice of judging people's moralities by the standards of their cultures and understanding that culture's beliefs and practices from that culture's point of view.

cultural convergence

the contact and interaction of one culture with another

cultural imperialism

the deliberate imposition of one's own cultural values on another culture

custom

the frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes a characteristic of the group of people performing the act (10 people wearing doc martens or lulu lemons every time they leave the house)

sequent occupance

the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape

Contagious Diffusion

the rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population

Assimilation

the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another

uniform landscape

the spatial expression of a popular custom in one location that will be similar to another

hierchical diffusion

the spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places (jan from the office to michael scott to jim)

Stimulus diffusion

the spread of a smaller characteristic even though the larger characteristic is not gaining popularity

examples of how religious values or beliefs may influence folk housing

- Buddhists sleep with their heads facing west - Most people in other countries do not have their own individual space like we do in the U.S. - More communal living in other parts of the world - families that celebrate dia de los muertos might have a spot in their house or near their house for an ofrenda

distribution of popular culture

- Distributed widely across many countries with little regard for physical factors - Influenced by the ability of people to access the material - it can spread anywhere but there are economic obstacles, if you can't afford something then you can't adopt that pop culture characteristic

2 examples of food habits in folk cultures

- In some folk cultures, there are foods that people eat and avoid eating because they believe that these foods possess certain properties that can enhance their qualities or do something bad to them - Most Hindus use dairy but don't eat beef because they think that it is taboo to harm or kill a cow

example of another food taboo

- Muslims do not eat pork because pigs are unsuited for drylands

benefits and costs of uniform landscapes

- they can make people recognize more products and lead to greater consumption of them. One example of this is restaurants. - Some of the problems with uniform landscapes are that they can make it hard for family-owned businesses to succeed because there are so many franchises and only a few big organizations make money from these areas.

ethnic enclave

A place with a high concentration of an ethnic group that is distinct from those in the surrounding area

acculturation vs assimilation

Acculturation is when people modify their culture by adapting or adding traits from other cultures. Assimilation is when people from different cultures adapt and acquire the life and ways of another culture. Assimilation is when people switch cultures and acculturation is when people mix their culture and another culture by adding new traits to their culture.

What is happening to the Amish in the United States today?

Amish communities have retained their traditional customs and live in rural and frontier settlements where they are isolated from most other people. Many Amish families are selling their land in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, which is a historic place for the Amish community and home to a large number of Amish families, and moving to areas in southwestern Kentucky. One Amish tradition is to give every son a farm when he is an adult, and there is more land for less money in Kentucky so some families are moving there for more farmland.

cultural convergence vs cultural divergence

Cultural convergence is when two or more different cultures come together and cultural divergence is when a culture separates.

popular culture

Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics (like drinking starbucks)

Folk Culture

Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogenous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups.

clothing styles in western countries generally reflects what?

In Western countries where popular culture predominates, clothing styles generally reflect occupations rather than particular environments.

how did Amish culture diffuse to the United States?

It diffused to the U.S. in two waves: the Amish from Switzerland and Germany settled in Pennsylvania in the early 1700s because the land was cheap and the second group from Alsace settled in Ohio, IL, Iowa, and Ontario, Canada in the early 1800s.

is cultural syncretism closer to acculturation or assimilation?

It is closer to acculturation because acculturation is when aspects of a culture are combined with another culture.

What three countries dominate worldwide television markets?

Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States

In what regions are there populations still relatively untouched by the Internet? What does this tell us about their economic development?

Most countries in Africa are relatively untouched by the internet, especially Ethiopia, Niger, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. This tells us that these countries are probably in stage two of the DTM and that the people in these countries probably don't have enough money to access the internet. The countries that have a slightly larger amount of internet users are probably between stage two and three of the DTM because they have access to more internet and their countries might be a little wealthier.

Natavist

Native-born American who wanted to eliminate foreign influence / Something that is anti-immigration and protects the interests of native-born citizens.

In 2011, where was the Internet most widely available?

North America and Europe.

How has globalization contributed to the increasing amount of waste?

Popular culture produces a lot of waste that has to be absorbed into the environment.

diffusion of folk culture

Primarily transmitted slowly through relocation diffusion from one place to the next

Acculturation

The adoption of cultural traits, such as language, by one group under the influence of another.

cultural divergence

The likelihood or tendency for cultures to become increasingly dissimilar with the passage of time.

What are the world's two largest newspaper organizations? What countries are they associated with? What are some possible benefits and costs to this?

The world's two largest newspaper organizations are the Associated Press (AP), which is primarily associated with America, and the Reuters, which is mainly associated with British companies. These are primarily owned by developed countries, so more funding probably goes into them, but some countries do not agree with freedom of the press and think that they can be too controversial.

In what sense are building materials of folk housing unique?

They are influenced by the resources available in the environment, so they can vary greatly by region.

What are the two ways in which popular customs have an adverse effect on the natural environment?

Through pollution of the landscape and depletion of scarce natural resources (non-renewable resources)

diffusion of popular culture

Typically spreads quickly through hierarchical diffusion from hearths to other places, mainly by using modern communication

cultural syncretism

When an aspect of two or more distinct cultures blend together to create a new custom, idea, practice, or philosophy.

ethnocentrism

belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group. (the opposite of cultural relativism)

distribution of folk culture

influenced by a combination of local physical and cultural factors

Why do elements of folk culture primarily diffuse through relocation diffusion

it is normally transmitted orally / from word of mouth.

Where did Amish culture originate

it originated in Bern, Switzerland, Alsace in northeastern France, and the Palatinate region of southwestern Germany.

homogeneous

of the same kind; alike

relocation diffusion

the spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another

two reasons for which television is an especially significant element of culture

watching tv is the most popular leisure activity in the world and tv has been the main way that popular culture has rapidly diffused across Earth.