Chapter 4 Study Guide

Function of the cytosol

gel-like material which suspends cell structures in the cytoplasm

What are the three types of connections you might find between animal cells?

1. Desmosomes - found where cells need to adhere tightly together under the stresses of movement (small molecules move between these cells) 2. Tight junctions - make cell junctions leak proof (molecules cannot move between these cells) 3. Gap junctions - allow for communication between two or more cells; cell to cell protein channels allowing for the passage of hormones, nutrients, and ions

What are three things you might observe inside a plant cell that is not inside an animal cell? Vice versa?

1. Plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall. 2. They also have plastids, chloroplasts, and a central vacuole - none of which are found in animal cells 3. Some animal cells possess vesicles, vacuoles, and cilia not found in plant cells 4. Lyosomes are also found in animal cells but not plant cells.

Place the following in order from smallest to largest (some might be equal in size - be sure to indicate that as well!): Protein, animal cell, bacteria, virus, mitochondria, plant cell.

1. Protein 2. Virus 2. Mitochondria and bacteria 3. Animal cell and plant cell

Review plant cells and animal cells and the organelles and structures that they each contain. Find at least SIX ways in which plant and animal cells are the same (organelles and structures they have in common).

1. plasma membrane 2. nucleus 3. mitochondria 4. cytoplasm 5. cytoskeleton 6. Endoplasmic reticulum

Function of the cell wall

1. support and protect fragile cells 2. porous to allow oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water carrying dissolved molecules to flow easily through them

Function of the smooth ER

1. synthesizes carbohydrates, lipids, steroid hormones 2. detoxification of some medications and poisons 3. storage of calcium ions in specialized Smooth ER for the contraction in muscle cells

What are three features or structures that both prokaryotic AND eukaryotic cells have in common?

1. they all have a plasma membrane 2. they all have cytoplasm that consists of cytosol and other cell components 3. they all have DNA 4. they all have ribosomes

What are the three aspects of the (unified) cell theory?

3 principles: 1. every living organism is made of one or more cells 2. cells are the basic unit of life 3. all new cells arise from preexisting cells

Imagine a protein will be made at a ribosome on the rough ER and it will eventually be excreted out of the cell. Describe the path that this protein will take and what might happen to it at each stop along the endomembrane system from the previous question.

After the protein is made at a ribosome on the rough ER, it will travel to the golgi apparatus through the channels of the rough ER and vesicles where it will be put together (it could be modified into a glycoprotein, for instance) and then will package the finished molecule into vesicles. The Vesicles then transport the molecule to the plasma membrane which wmill then excrete the molecule out of the cell.

Function of the Peroxisome

Breaks down fatty acids and amino acids. Some can also detoxify certain poisons (e.g. alcohol)

Function of the Lyosome

Cells digestive system; Small membrane sacs found in animal cells that have digestive enzymes that help break down different biological molecules

What are two ways that eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells are different from each other?

Cells need to exchange nutrients and wastes with the environments. Prokaryotic cells rely on diffusion (the movement of molecules through a cell - happens very slowly). If a cell is too big then important molecules won't reach the center and the wastes can't get out. Eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryotic calls and have to use other cell structures to help transport waste and nutrients. Prokaryotic cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells, they have no nucleus & eukaryotic cells do, and they have no membrane enclosed organelles & eukaryotic cells do. Eukaryotic cells are also more complex.

Which time join cells in one spot to maintain sheet-like formations in organs and tissues such as skin and muscle?

Desmosomes

Which type of connections between animal cells allows communication?

Gap junctions

Function of the Ribosomes

Help make proteins

What is the main function/s of extra cellular matrix?

It holds cells together to form a tissue and helps in cell-to-cell communication.

Function of the central vacuole

Plants have this to: 1. maintain water balance 2. store hazardous wastes, nutrients, or pigments 3. provide turgor pressure (pushes out) on the cytoplasm to keep cells rigid

What type of cell to cell connection would find in plant cells and what is their function?

Plasmodesmata - allows for communication between two or more cells

Function of the rough ER

Produces proteins destined for other membranes or for secretion (sent out of the cell)

Function of the cytoplasm

Site of many metabolic reactions, including protein synthesis

Function of the chloroplast

Sites of photosynthesis (this uses light energy to make organic molecules)

Function of the nucleus

The control center of the eukaryotic cell and it protects and stores the genetic material of a cell. It also allows for the genetic code to be used for protein synthesis.

Function of the nucleolus

The site of ribosome synthesis.

Which type would you find in the bladder where a watertight seal is needed?

Tight junctions

Function of the nuclear pore

allows movement of water, ions, and small molecules to pass freely; regulates the passage of proteins, pieces of ribosomes, and RNA through gatekeeper proteins called the nuclear pore complex that line each nuclear pore

Function of the nuclear envelope

constitutes the outermost portion of the nucleus and is punctuated with pores that control the passage of ions, molecules, and RNA between the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm

Function of the plasma membrane

controls the passage of molecules in and out of the cell (it is a phospholipid bilayer); all cells have this

Function of the cilia

moves the cell through fluid or moves fluid past the cell

Function of the flagella

moves the cell through fluid or moves fluid past the cell

Function of the Mitochondira

powerhouse of the cell; breaks down biological molecules such as sugars and converts the energy into ATP (the main energy molecule for all cell work)

Function of the cytoskeleton

provides shape support, and movement (organelles move along the fibers) 1. maintains and changes cell shape 2. provides for cell movement (cilia and flagella on the outside of the cell) 3. provides for organelle movement (within the cell) 4. facilitates cell division

Function of the Vesicles

small membrane sacs that function for storage or transport

Function of the Golgi Apparatus

sorts, tags, modifies and packages proteins and lipids before they are sent elsewhere 1. modifies some molecules 2. syntehesizes some polysaccharides 3. packages finished molecules into vesicles to be transported

Function of chromatin (DNA / chromosomes)

structures within the nucleus that contain hereditary material