Chapter 4 - Test Scores and What They Mean

Z-Score

A standard score with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1.

T-Score

A standard score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10.

Normal Curve Equivalent (NCE)

A standard score with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 21.06. Values between 50 +/- 21.06 represent average scores.

Graphical Report

Profiles or visual representations of performance based on raw scores.

Stainines

Standard scores with a mean of 5, a standard deviation of 2, and a range of 1-9. Used for conveniently communicating test results.

Scores

The numerical results of tests and other assessments.

Raw Score

The simple numerical result of an assessment, typically the number of items answered correctly.

Grading for Effort

Used with students whose ability is so low that they have difficulty meeting even minimum performance standards.

Portfolio-Based Grading

Assign grades based on evaluation of the authentic samples of student work that appears in the portfolio.

Multiple Grading

Assign grades in more than one area (performance and effort).

Letter Grades

Converts a numerical score to a letter based on a scale.

Simple Numerical Report

Criterion-referenced score that expresses performance as the number of right and wrong answers on a test.

Percent Correct Score

Criterion-referenced score that expresses performance as the percentage of correct answers on a test.

Pass/Fail Grading

Establishing minimum criteria for receiving a passing grade.

Standard Scores

Express performance by comparing the deviation of individual scores from the mean or average score with the scores of students in a norm group of the same chronological age or scholastic grade level.

Criterion-Referenced Scores

Interpret performance in relation to what a student knows or can do by examining results in relation to a functional level or standard rather than in relation to the performance of others.

Norm-Referenced Score

Interprets student performance in relation to the performance of others by comparing an individual score with the average score of corresponding students in a norm sample group.