Chapter 4 Tissues and Living Communities
Histology
-study of tissues
What is another name for "cutaneous membrane"?
Another name for cutaneous membrane is integument or more simply skin
What mucous membrane color is hypoxemia from lack of oxygen in the tissues?
Blue
Even though bone and blood appear to be very different ( gross anatomy), they both represent different types of connective tissue. Why?
Bone and blood represent different types of connective tissue because both have ground substances, cells and fibers.
In terms of form and function. How is brown fat different from white fat?
Brown fat is found in new born animals and in animal that hibernates through the winter. Brown fat also as many small vacuoles more vacuoles more mitochondria. White adipose tissue are found throughout the body particularly in the deep layers of the skin.
Be able too list at least one location for each of the tissues seen in lab.
Cartilage- Hyaline cartilage- end of long bones in joints. Elastic cartilage- pinna (external ear). Fibrocartilage- found in spaces between vertebrae of the spine. Blood- passes thru the vessels and carries nutrient molecules and gases. Dense regular connective tissue-found in tendons and Dense irregular connective tissue- found in dermis of skin.
Compare and contract collagen, reticular and elastic fibers?
Collage fibers- strong, thick strans composed of structural protein collagen. Reticular fibers-composed of collagen, but they are not thick. Instead think, delicate and branched into complicated networks. Elastic fibers- composed primarily of the protein elastin branched and forms complete networks but lacks collagen fibers. All fibers are bundled and branched.
Be able to list subtypes of tissues for each major tissue type
Connective tissue- dense connective tissue- areolar loose connective tissue, adipose connective tissue( fat cell, reticular connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue and dense fibrous connective tissue. Cartilage- Hyaline Cartilage- composed of closely packed collagen fibers and Elastic cartilage- contain elastic fibers found in the pinna which is ear and Fibrocartilage- found merged with hyaline and dense connective tissue.
What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands? Give and example of each. List the name of the gland and the name of the products.
Do not have pitutary ducts or tubules and whose secreations are distributed throughout the body which produces and secret chemical hormones. Possess ducts- act of discharging secretions via their ducts directly into nearby areas. Examples liver and pancreas.
What is effusion? What is ascites?
Effusion is abnormally large amount of fluids entering the body cavity. Ascites are present of effusion in the peritoneal space of the abdominopelvic cavity and can be caused by a wide range of pathological cavities.
Know the descriptive characteristics of each major tissue type
Epithelial Tissue- distinct shape, basement membrane also called basal laminae and they are polar also avascular. Connective tissue - cells in matrix. Muscle Tissue- Contraction produces Movement and as vascularized , adipose connective tissue and extracellular fibers and extracelluar matrix. Nervous Tissue- Receives and transmits signals such as electrical (action potential) and chemical.
Be able to list subtypes of tissues for each major tissue type
Epithelial Tissue- simple squamous epithelia- simple means one layer , simple cuboidal epithelia- one layer of cube cells, simple columanr epithelia- one layer of rectangle cells ,stratified squamous epithelia- multiple layers and stratifed columnar- multiple layers of rectangle cells and pseudostratified columnar epithelium- one layer of columnar cells.
What are the general characterized as simple, stratified or pseudostratified mean?
Epithelial tissue is characterized as simple meaning 1 layer, stratified means multiple layers and pseudostratified meaning it appear to have multiple layers but it only as 1 layer.
Be able too list at least one location for each of the tissues seen in lab.
Epithelial tissue- lines the bladder. Simple squamous epithelial- inner lining of lung, simple cuboidal epithelium- surface of ovaries, Simple columnar epithelium- line the length of the gastrointestinal trach from the stomach to the rectum.
What are the four primary types of tissue?
Epithelial, Muscular, connective and nervous
What are fibroblast and what role do they play in connective tissue?
Fibroblasts- large, irregular cells that manufacture and secrete both fibers and the ground substances characteristics of their particular matrix.
Describe the process of inflammation. what causes the clinical signs of heat, swelling, redness and tenderness?
First Step vasodilation constriction too control hemorrhaging. Increasing blood flow to the area and that stimulated by histamine and heparin. Second step fluid the plasma causes it to be very painful and swelling. Clot formation in order to stop forms of bleeding. Brings clean up crew that gets rid of debris/ junk. Allowing to drain then clean up.
What are GAGs and what role do they play in connective tissue? why do you suppose animals with joint injuries are sometimes given dietary supplements of GAGs?
GAG'S are glycoproteins composed of amino sugars. The role GAG'S play's in connective tissue is it acts as a shock absorber and helps to protect the more delicate cells. Cells also exchange nutrients and waste with bloodstream.
What is the function of goblet cell and where are they found?
Goblet cells function is too secrete mucus and is usually located in the respiratory and intestinal tract
What is granulation tissue? Why is it important in the healing process?
Granulation tissue as capillaries and collagen fibers form an overlaping blood clot or scap. Healing process helps nutrients and oxygen that helps the wound too heal and is resistant too infection.
Dogs and cats that suffer bite wounds are prone too develop complications during the healing process if the wounds are not treated by a veterinarian. Name some of the common complications that can occur.
Infection most common, proud flush and scar tissue fomation structures and lost of functions
List the mucous membrane colors that correspond with each of the following clinical situations
Jaundice from the liver failure- yellow Severe anemia from a lack of normal red blood cells- pale/white Hypoxemia from a lack of oxygen in the tissues- blue
Be able to describe the cell type and matrix for each type of connective tissue seen in lab
Matrix- ground substances ranges from liquie to gel to solid. Fibers- collagenous, reticular and elastic. Fixed Cells- fibroblasts, adipocytes (fat cells), reticular cells. Wandering Cells are mast cells, Leukocytes ( white blood cells), Mactophages ( fixed and wandering)
Membranes are composed of what two tissue types?
Membranes are composed of epithelial and connective tissue. Mucus membranes also helps to absorb nutrients and lubricate surfaces.
Memorize the four types of membranes found in the body. Explain and describe the structure and function of each type
Mucous Membrane- structure is it composed of either stratified squamous or cuboidal epithelium and function is it produces mucous. Serous Membrane- structure is composed of simple squamous epithelium bound to the underlying layer of loose connective tissue and function too is produces serous fluid. Cutaneous membrane- structure composed of kerantinized stratified squamous epithelium and function cuts in membrane. Synovial membrane- structure is composed of connetive tissue and function is to produce synovial fluids for joints
Where are mucous membranes found? What functions do they perform?
Mucous membranes are found lining the organs that have connection to the outside enviroment such as digestion, respiratory and urinary. The function they perform are secreting mucous helps them fight infection because it is located within mucous also provides absorption in intestines.
Nervous Tissue
Neuron
What mucous membrane color is severe anemia from lack of normal red blood cells
Pale/white
How is melanin produced? What will increase the rate of certain chemical reaction in the body?
Pigment found in skin. Melanin produced by a serious of chemical reactions cataogolized by enzymes usually amino acids tyrine building block of melanin. Animals take in tyrine from diet, enzyme are through translation and transcription.
How to perform a CRT (Capillary Refill time) examination in a patient( dog, cat.cow.sheep, goat, llama and alpaca) What is a normal result? What organ system is assessed with a CRT?
Press firmly on the pink region of an animals gum, the gum blanches white. When you remove your finger, you will notice that the gum changes from white back to pink relatively quickly. The time it takes for blood to return to the capillaries, and turn the gum pink again is called the CRT. Normal results is 1 to 2 seconds. The organ system assessed is the circulatory system.
If a healthy patient undergoes a surgical procedure and experiences pain post- operatively, the patient may refuse to eat. Recognition and treatment of pain in animals is a moral and ethical obilgation for all members of the veterinary team. What are some signs of pain in dogs and cats? If a patient does not eat, what is the efffect on healing?
Some signs of pain in dogs and cats is howling when animal wound is touch, maybe they are not putting pressue on an injury and if a does does eat they do not get the require nutrition needed to heal which causes a slower healing process.
What are the basic shapes of epithelial cells?
Squamous- one layer. Cuboidal- cubed shaped cells and columnar is rectangle shape cells
Be able too list at least one location for each of the tissues seen in lab.
Stratified squamous epithelium-lining of the month, stratified columnar epithelium- sweat glands. Connective tissue- Areolar tissue- found in organs to support and cushion them, Adipose tissue- found between muscles.
Where are synovial membranes found? How are they different from other membrane types?
Synovial membranes are found lining the cavities of joints. Oly made of connective tissue no epithelium tissue.
What is the common term for adipose tissue?
The common term for adipose tissue is called fat.
When does the healing process begin?
The healing process beings soon after the injury occurs.
Describe the major characteristics of connective tissue?
The major characteristics is they have extra-cellular fibers, ground substance, cells and vascularized .
What is the most important function of neural tissue?
The most important function of neural tissues are they send electrical impulses that relay info and instructions.
What portion of a serous membrane covers the outer shell of organs?
The portion of the serous membrane that covers the organs is visceral layer.
what is histology?
The study of tissues
Describe the three types of cartilage. What are their similarities and differences?
The three types of cartilage are Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage and fibro-cartilage. The similarities is they all can be found in joints and help to prevent the sensitive outer layer of the bone from rubbing against one another.
List three types of muscle tissue. How do they differ from one another?
The three types of muscle tissue are skeletal, smooth and cardiac. Skeletal muscle as one nucleus and striations. Smooth muscle no striations and it is spindle shaped. Cardiac muscle is multifaceted, interrelated disk, branched and as striations.
What are the two basic cell types that make up neural tissue?
The two basic cell types that make up neurons and glial cells.
In what ways are muscle cells uniquely adapted for contraction?
The way muscle cells uniquely adapt to contraction are they are made of fiber of actin and myosin that slide over each other.
Why do some epithelial cells have cilia and microvilla? what role do they play? where are they found in the body
They have irregular surfaces. The important role microvillia play is the brush border increases the surface area of the cell there by incresing absorption ability of cell. Cillia helps to propel mucus and debris up and away from the lungs towards the mouth. Microvilli found in intestinal and urinary tract cillia is in lungs
How do serous and mucous secretions vary?
They vary because serous membranes secretions is a translucent and is thin and watery.Mucous secretions is thick and viscous and therefore can decrease friction and assist with the passage of food or water.
What is the genetic difference in the two Persian kittens?
White cat- DNA is defective and can't produce melanin and it is missing one more enzymes which means it can not synthesis melanin. Black cat- DNA as normal enzymes produce melanin which means it can synthesis melanin
What mucous membrane color is Jaundice from liver failure?
Yellow
connective tissue
areolar(loose connective tissue), adipose (fat vacuole), dense regular connective tissue and dense irregular connective. tissue
Why is cartilage limited in thickness and slow too heal
cartilage is limited in thickness because its avascular and it relies on diffusion to absorb nutrients.
Know which tissues are avascular, and the implications for healing ability.
epithelial tissues are which means they lack blood vessels or capillaries and the implications for healing ability is by protecting, covering and lining the organs
How are tissues samples handled and sent to the laboratory
have formalin preservative 10 x sample volume. No more than 1/2 thick and lastly label specimen
What is a gland?
is a cell or group of cells that have the ability to manufacture and discharge a secretion.
Secretion
process by which a cell or gland produces and expels some useful products.
Muscular tissue
skeletal- striations and one nucleus per cell, smooth- striations and one nucleus and cardiac- branchy, intercalted disk
Epithelial Tissue
squamous, cuboidal- shaped like cubes, columnar-shaped like columns and nucleus lines up,stratified- more than one layer , pseudostratified- looks like multiple layer but just one layer, simple- one layer.
Gross Anatomy
study of anatomical structures that can be seen with the naked eye and includes learning names and locations of bones, muscles etc
Cytology
study of cells
Microscopic Anatomy
study of microscopic structures of tissues and organs
