Chapter 40: Animal Form & Function (Mastering Biology & Dynamic Study Module)

Thermoregulation in the body is accomplished by several feedback systems. The feedback system shown here uses vasoconstriction and vasodilation in the skin and extremities to regulate body temperature. Drag the labels to their appropriate locations on the diagram of the feedback system below.

- A. Vasodilation - B. Body temperature decreases - C. Homeostasis - D. Body temperature increases - E. Vasoconstriction - F. Negative

Which of the following statements describes a negative feedback response?

- After a meal, blood sugar levels in the body rise - Insulin is secreted to lower blood sugar levels

The images below show two countercurrent heat exchangers in marine animals: in the flipper of a sea turtle (left) and in the abdomen of a dolphin (right). Which three of the following statements are consistent with the images?

- In a sea turtle's flippers, heat is transferred from (1) to (3) - In a dolphin, blood cools as it flows from the aorta to the testes - At a dolphins testes, heat is transferred from (1) to (2)

An organ such as the heart or liver consists of __________.

- Nervous Tissue - Epithelial Tissue - Connective Tissue - Muscle Tissue (ALL OF THE LISTED RESPONSES ARE CORRECT)

Which of the following characteristics is likely to be found in larger versus smaller animals?

A highly branched respiratory system

An epithelial cell with a relatively large amount of cytoplasm probably has what function?

Absorption and secretion

Which of these is an example of negative feedback?

After you eat, insulin stimulates the lowering of blood sugar levels

Which of the following actions is not a function of the epithelium?

Allows the internal environment to alter its conditions to match those of the external environment

Cartilage is found _____.

At the ends of bones such as the femur

Which of these is NOT one of the four major categories of tissue?

Blood

_____ is the connective tissue specialized for transport.

Blood

Which of the six major types of connective tissue has a rigid matrix that contains collagen and calcium salts?

Bone

Ligaments connect ________ to ________.

Bone...Bone

Cardiac muscle is the only muscle composed of _____ fibers.

Branches

Microscopic analysis of an unknown tissue sample reveals the presence of chondrocytes, indicating that the sample was probably taken from __________ tissue.

Cartilage

A neuron receives nerve impulses from other neurons via its _________ and __________.

Cell body...Dendrites

Which of the following lists of animal structures is ordered from smallest to largest?

Cell, tissue, organ, organ system

Which of the following is a benefit of multicellularity compared to organisms consisting of just one cell?

Cells can specialize.

Which of the following organ systems in mammals is mismatched with its function?

Circulatory...Coordination of body activities

How does connective tissue differ from the other three major tissue types?

Connective tissue often consists of relatively few cells embedded in an extracellular matrix

A neuron consists of _____.

Dendrites, a cell body, and axons

Which of the following systems is correctly paired with one of its parts?

Endocrine system...Thyroid gland

An organism that generates body heat by means of its own metabolism is _________, and an organism that gains body heat from external sources is ________.

Endothermic...Ectothermic

How do endotherms and ectotherms differ?

Endotherms and ectotherms differ in the means by which they regulate their body temperature

Animals can be classified according to their mode of thermoregulation. Sort the animals below, indicating their likely thermoregulatory strategy. Note that poikilotherms are sometimes referred to as heterotherms. Drag each animal to the appropriate bin.

Homeothermic Endotherm: - Eagle - Coyote - Walrus Homeothernic Ectotherm: - Arctic shrimp Poikilothermic Ectotherm: - Salamander - Freshwater catfish - Butterfly

Which of the following statements correctly describes a difference between hormone signaling and neuron signaling?

Hormone signals travel throughout the body, but neuron signals travel to specific locations.

During a fever, the __________ readjusts the set point of the body to a __________ temperature.

Hypothalamus...Higher

Which component of a homeostatic system compares sensory information to a target value?

Integrator

Humid weather makes you feel warmer because humid air, which is saturated with water molecules, __________.

Interferes with heat loss by evaporation

Which of these describes loose connective tissue?

It is a loose weave of fibers that functions as a packing material

When a person's body temperature increases, sweating helps bring the temperature down. This is an example of __________.

Negative feedback

__________ feedback most directly maintains homeostasis because it __________.

Negative...Tends to keep a system at a desirable "set point"

The __________ system and the __________ system work together to coordinate and control the bodies of most animals.

Nervous...Endocrine

In blood, the matrix component is ________, and the cellular component contains _________.

Plasma...Red and white blood cells

Myosin and actin are __________.

Proteins that play a major role in muscle contraction

Which term describes a steady state in which the internal conditions of an organism are kept within a narrow range without regard to the external conditions?

Regulatory homeostasis

Which component of a homeostatic system perceives changes in some parameter of the environment?

Sensor

Which of the following actions acts to warm a homeothermic body?

Shivering

Which of the following mammals would you expect to have the highest basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

Shrew

What type of epithelial tissue, found in the intestines, absorbs nutrients?

Simple columnar epithelium

What type of epithelial tissue lines kidney tubules?

Simple cuboidal cells

Which of the following statements correctly describes the differences between simple squamous cells and stratified squamous cells?

Simple squamous cells form a single layer, which is useful for gas exchange, and stratified squamous cells are multilayered and regenerate rapidly.

Which of these tissues, found in the lungs, permits gas exchange by diffusion?

Simple squamous epithelium

_____ muscle is attached to bones.

Skeletal

Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding muscle tissue?

Skeletal muscle consists of cells that each have a single nucleus.

Look at the graphs and choose the correct statement describing the relationship between BMR (basal metabolic rate) and body mass of mammals. (Look carefully at the quantity being displayed on the y-axis of each figure.)

Small mammals have lower BMR, but use more calories per kilogram than large mammals

What type of muscle is responsible for contractions of the digestive tract and arteries?

Smooth muscle

What type of epithelium would you expect to find covering a surface subject to physical forces?

Stratified epithelium

Which of the following pairs of connective tissue and its function is correctly matched?

Tendons...Attach muscles to bones

Skeletal muscle is said to be "striated" because __________.

The arrangement of the sarcomeres gives it a striped appearance

Interstitial fluid is __________.

The fluid that fills the spaces between cells of vertebrates

Which of the following is a correct statement about an organism and its environment?

The interstitial fluid is the exchange medium between body cells and the circulatory system in vertebrate animals

Most cells are microscopic because at this small size, __________.

The ratio of surface area to cell volume is maximized

Based on graph (a), one observer suggests that a group of 100 ground squirrels would consume the same amount of oxygen per hour as 1 dog because 100 ground squirrels have the same total body mass as 1 dog. A second observer disagrees. Who is correct?

The second observer is correct; 100 ground squirrels will consume more oxygen than 1 dog

Where in the body would you be most likely to find secretory cells shaped like dice?

Thyroid and salivary glands

The main function(s) of connective tissues in the body is/are _________.

To hold tissues and organs in place and to join adjacent tissues together

Nervous tissue functions _____.

To sense stimuli

A physiological state of decreased activity and metabolism that is an adaptation enabling animals to save energy while avoiding difficult and dangerous conditions is known as _________.

Torpor

True or false? Organisms must maintain homeostasis because optimal enzyme activity is achieved within a very narrow range of conditions.

True