chapter 40 ap bio test
42) Most land-dwelling invertebrates and all of the amphibians _____.
A) are ectothermic organisms with variable body temperatures
35) You discover a new species of bacteria that grows in aquatic environments with high salt levels. While studying these bacteria, you note that their internal environment is similar to the salt concentrations in their surroundings. You also discover that the internal salt concentrations of the bacteria change as the salt concentration in their environment changes. The new species can tolerate small changes in this way, but dies from large changes because it has no mechanism for altering its own internal salt levels. What type of homeostatic mechanism is this species using to regulate its internal salt levels?
A) conformation
5) If you were to view a sample of animal tissue under a light microscope and notice an extensive extracellular matrix surrounding a tissue, which tissue type would you most suspect?
A) connective
56) Consider the energy budgets for a human, an elephant, a penguin, a mouse, and a snake. The _____ would have the highest total annual energy expenditure, and the _____ would have the highest energy expenditure per unit mass.
A) elephant; mouse
14) Blood is best classified as connective tissue because _____.
A) its cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix
2) As the size of some animals has evolved to greater sizes, the effectiveness of their adaptations that promote exchanges with the environment have also increased. For example, in many larger organisms, evolution has favored lungs and a digestive tract with _____.
A) more branching or folds
29) Once labor begins in childbirth, contractions increase in intensity and frequency, causing more contractions to occur until delivery. The increasing labor contractions of childbirth are an example of which type of regulation?
A) positive feedback
50) A woman standing and watching the stars on a cool, calm night will lose most of her body heat by _____.
A) radiation
40) An example of an ectothermic organism that has few or no behavioral options when it comes to its ability to adjust its body temperature is a _____.
A) sea star living deep in the ocean
10) Of the following choices, the epithelium with the shortest diffusion distance is _____.
A) simple squamous epithelium
20) The cells lining the air sacs in the lungs make up a _____.
A) simple squamous epithelium
17) Cardiac muscle cells are both _____.
A) striated and interconnected by intercalated disks
47) Examine the figure above. Near a goose's abdomen, the countercurrent arrangement of the arterial and venous blood vessels causes the _____.
A) temperature difference between the contents of the two sets of vessels to be minimized
6) Some animals have no gills when young, but then develop gills that grow larger as the animal grows larger. What is the reason for this increase in gill size?
B) Relative to their volume, the young have more surface area across which they can transport all the oxygen they need.
7) Evolutionary adaptations that help diverse animals directly exchange matter between cells and the environment include _____.
B) an external respiratory surface, a small body size, and a two-cell-layered body
21) The body tissue that consists largely of material located outside of cells is _____.
B) connective tissue
13) If you gently bend your ear, and then let go, the shape of your ear will return because the cartilage of your ear contains_____.
B) elastic fibers
3) Much of the coordination of vertebrate body functions via chemical signals is accomplished by the _____.
B) endocrine system
43) The temperature-regulating center of vertebrate animals is located in the _____.
B) hypothalamus
4) Compared with a smaller cell, a larger cell of the same shape has _____.
B) less surface area per unit of volume
19) Food moves along the digestive tract as the result of contractions by _____.
B) smooth muscle
32) An example of a properly functioning homeostatic control system is seen when _____.
B) the kidneys excrete salt into the urine when dietary salt levels rise
33) Positive feedback differs from negative feedback in that _____.
B) the positive feedback's effector responses are in the same direction as the initiating stimulus rather than opposite of it
The crucian carp (Carassius carassius) is a Northern European freshwater fish often inhabiting ponds that become hypoxic (have reduced oxygen levels) and even anoxic (have no oxygen) when the surface freezes during the winter. Surprisingly, when oxygen levels are normal, these fish lack the lamellae that provide a large surface area for gas exchange between water and blood: their gills are smooth. Yet when the level of oxygen in the water falls, the gill morphology undergoes a change: packing cells stop dividing and programmed cell death is induced, exposing gill lamellae that were buried in other tissue. With lamellae exposed, the gills have increased surface area for gas exchange. These changes in gill lamellar profile are reversible: investigators observed that the gills return to their normal structure within seven days after returning the fish to well-oxygenated water. (Jørund Sollid, Paula De Angelis, Kristian Gundersen, and Göran E. Nilsson. 2003. Hypoxia induces adaptive and reversible gross morphological changes in crucian carp gills. Journal of Experimental Biology 206:3667-73.) 28) Refer to the paragraph on crucian carp. Gills serve multiple functions in fish in addition to gas exchange. Given the large surface area of gills with lamellae, what is the most likely explanation for why crucian carp cover protruding lamellae in their gills when levels of oxygen are normal?
B) to prevent loss of ions to the surrounding water
60) Hummingbirds are small birds that require a regular food supply. When hummingbirds are faced with a situation that decreases their food supply, such as a storm, which of the following adaptations would be most useful for the bird to survive such an unpredictable and short-term absence of food resources?
B) torpor
61) Organisms maintain dynamic homeostasis (internal balance) through behavioral and physiological mechanisms. Which of the following statements is an accurate explanation of a negative feedback mechanism used by animals to regulate body temperature?
C) A ground squirrel's hypothalamus detects changes in environmental temperatures and responds by activating or suppressing metabolic heat production.
52) Which principle of heat exchange is the most important explanation for why birds look larger in colder weather because they fluff their feathers?
C) Fluffing creates a pocket of air near the bird that acts as insulation.
26) You have a cube of modeling clay in your hands. Which of the following changes to the shape of this cube of clay will decrease its surface area relative to its volume?
C) Round the clay up into a sphere.
24) Which of the following is a true statement about body size and physiology?
C) Small and large animals face different physiological challenges because an animal's body mass increases cubically while its surface area increases as a squared function.
25) An elephant and a mouse are running in full sunlight, and both overheat by the same amount above their normal body temperatures. When they move into the shade and rest, which animal will cool down faster?
C) The mouse will because it has the higher surface-area-to-volume ratio.
49) You are studying a large tropical reptile that has a high and relatively stable body temperature. How would you determine whether this animal is an endotherm or an ectotherm?
C) You subject this reptile to various temperatures in the lab and find that its body temperature and metabolic rate change with the ambient temperature. You conclude that it is an ectotherm.
9) Interstitial fluid is _____.
C) a common site of exchange between blood and body cells
36) Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) are born in freshwater environments and then migrate to the sea. Near the end of their lives, they return to the freshwater stream where they were born to spawn. In freshwater, water constantly diffuses into the body and ions are lost from the body. In salt water, body water diffuses out of the body and excess ions are gained from the water. A salmon's gills have special cells to pump salt in or out of the body to maintain homeostasis. In response to the salmon's moves between freshwater and salt water, some cells in the gills are produced and others are destroyed. These changes made in the cells of the gills during the lifetime of an individual salmon are an example of which of the following?
C) acclimatization
15) Most types of communication between cells utilize _____.
C) chemical or electrical signal
22) You are looking through a microscope at a slide of animal tissue and see a single layer of flat, closely packed cells that cover a surface. This specific tissue is most likely _____.
C) epithelial
23) Environmental influences appear to contribute to cellular mutations that lead to tumor growth. For example, certain diets lead to higher incidence of colon cancers, and overexposure to sunlight leads to higher incidence of skin cancers. The tissues in closest contact with a carcinogen or mutagen (anything that causes genetic mutations) are obviously the ones most likely to develop tumors. Carcinomas and melanomas account for well over half of all cancers. What type of tissue would you guess the term carcinoma and melanoma is most closely associated with?
C) epithelial
31) The body's automatic tendency to maintain a constant and optimal internal environment is termed _____.
C) homeostasis
38) In a cool environment, an ectotherm is more likely to survive an extended period of food deprivation than would an equally sized endotherm because the ectotherm _____.
C) invests little energy in temperature regulation
30) When the body's blood glucose level rises, the pancreas secretes insulin and, as a result, the blood glucose level declines. When the blood glucose level is low, the pancreas secretes glucagon and, as a result, the blood glucose level rises. Such regulation of the blood glucose level is the result of _____.
C) negative feedback
44) The metabolic breakdown of specialized brown fat depots in certain animals is substantially increased during _____.
C) nonshivering thermogenesis
37) To prepare flight muscles for use on a cool morning, hawkmoths _____.
C) rapidly contract and relax these muscles to generate metabolic warmth
27) If an organism was discovered that had no epithelial tissues, it would require adaptations to maintain homeostasis in which of the following areas? The organism would require adaptations _____.
C) that would prevent water loss from the body in a terrestrial environment
1) Penguins, seals, and tuna have body forms that permit rapid swimming, because _____.
C) the shape is a convergent evolutionary solution, which reduces drag while swimming
46) The thin horizontal arrows in the figure above show that the _____.
C) warmer arterial blood transfers heat to the cooler venous blood
48) Which of the following would increase the rate of heat exchange between an animal and its environment?
C) wind blowing across the body surface
59) A researcher is setting up an experiment to measure basal metabolic rate in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster-a small rodent). Which of the following would be the best set of conditions for the voles immediately before and during the measurement?
D) House the animals in a cage with no food for a few hours before measurement; conduct measurements in a room the same temperature as the room where housed.
34) Which of the following is an example of negative feedback?
D) When the level of glucose in the blood increases, the pancreas produces and releases the hormone insulin. Insulin acts to decrease blood glucose. As blood glucose decreases, the rate of production and release of insulin decreases as blood glucose decreases.
58) Which of the following animals most likely uses the largest percentage of its energy budget for homeostatic regulation?
D) a bird living year round in a desert
54) Standard metabolic rate (SMR) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) are _____.
D) both measured in animals in a resting and fasting state
51) There are advantages and disadvantages to adaptations. Animals that are endothermic are likely to be at the greatest disadvantage in _____.
D) environments with variable and limited food sources
11) Most of the exchange surfaces of multicellular animals are lined with _____.
D) epithelial tissue
39) Sweating allows a person to lose heat through the process of _____.
D) evaporation
41) The panting responses that are observed in overheated birds and mammals dissipate excess heat by _____.
D) evaporation
16) All types of muscle tissue have _____.
D) interactions between actin and myosin
57) An animal's inputs of energy and materials would exceed its outputs if _____.
D) it is growing and increasing its mass
53) Snake behavior in Wisconsin changes throughout the year. For example, a snake is _____.
D) more active in summer because it can gain body heat by conduction
8) All animals, whether large or small, have _____.
D) most of their cells in contact with an aqueous medium
12) Connective tissues typically have _____.
D) relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix
45) A moth preparing for flight on a cold morning may warm its flight muscles via _____.
D) shivering thermogenesis
18) The type of muscle tissue surrounding the intestines and blood vessels is _____.
D) smooth muscle
55) Independent of whether an organism is an endotherm or ectoderm, the LEAST reliable indicator of an animal's metabolic rate is the amount of _____
D) water consumed in one day
