Chapter 41: The animal body and principles of regulation

Which organ systems are responsible for defending the body against attackers and invaders?

Immune, Integumentary

Where are smooth muscles found in vertebrates?

In organs of the internal environment

Which of the following is an example of positive feedback in human biology?

Increasing strength of uterine contractions during childbirth

Which of the following describes an animal that is a homeotherm?

It maintains its body temperature within a narrow range.

Epithelial cells are usually attached to a thin, delicate layer made of protein fibers and glycoproteins. This layer is called the .

basement membrane

Dilation and constriction of vessels near the skin surface affect heat loss from the body.

blood

As an animal's temperature decreases, the rates at which the molecules in its body move and encounter each other ______.

decreases

Connective tissue cells are widely spaced apart, which allows for abundant material.

extracellular

As loose and dense connective tissues develop, cells called produce and secrete the extracellular matrix.

fibroblast

The inefficiency of energy transfers during metabolic reactions is the source of body .

heat

The process of maintaining a relatively stable internal environment despite changes in the external surroundings is known as .

homeostasis

The tendency of the body to seek and maintain a condition of balance or equilibrium in its internal environment, even in the presence of external changes, is called

homeostasis.

A(n) is an animal that maintains its body temperature within a narrow range.

homeotherm

Dilation of blood vessels blood flow, and constriction of blood vessels blood flow.

increases, decreases

The organ systems that are responsible for protecting the body against attackers and invaders are the and systems.

integumentory, immune

In animals, locomotion and body support are provided by the system.

musculoskeletal

In feedback, biochemical reactions help to keep a variable near its set point.

negative

The and systems detect internal and external stimuli and coordinate the body's responses.

nervous, endocrine

Cells that support, protect, and aid in the nourishment of neurons are called .

neuroglia

Nerve tissue includes , which are specialized to produce and conduct electrochemical impulses, and , which are supporting cells.

neurons, neuroglia

The two types of cells found in nerve tissue are and .

neurons, neuroglia

An organ system is composed of multiple , each of which is composed of several types of , which in turn are composed of one or more types of specialized .

organs tissues cells

Temperature affects the of chemical reactions.

rate

The system is responsible for producing gametes and nurturing the developing embryo and fetus.

reproductive

Multinucleated muscle fibers are formed during development when

several cells fuse, end to end.

The three types of muscle tissue are: muscle, muscle, and muscle.

smooth, skeletal, cardiac

A reduction in an endothermic animal's internal body temperature to produce a state of dormancy is called .

torpor

The regulation of the concentration of body fluids is carried out by the system.

urinary

In vertebrates smooth muscle is found in the organs of the internal environment. For that reason smooth muscle is also called muscle.

visceral

Which organ systems directly regulate and maintain the body's chemistry?

Digestive Circulatory Urinary Respiratory

What type of tissue forms membranes, together with connective tissues?

Epithelial

tissues line the surfaces of organs and body cavities.

Epithelial

Which of the following are functions of the respiratory system?

Exchange of oxygen with the environment Exchange of carbon dioxide with the environment

In general, which of the following does not maintain homeostasis because the result is magnification, rather than minimization, of fluctuations in physiological variables?

Positive feedback

Which organ system produces gametes?

Reproductive

Cardiac muscle is composed of which of the following?

Small interconnected cells

Which of the following are types of muscle tissue?

Striated, Cardiac, Smooth

What is countercurrent heat exchange?

The transfer of heat from warm blood to cold blood that is being returned to the body's core

Select all features of muscle fibers.

They are tubular. They contain multiple nuclei.

What is the function of fibroblasts in development of connective tissue.

They produce and secrete the extracellular matrix.

Insulin and glucagon are both hormones that regulate blood glucose levels. Insulin stimulates responses that lower blood glucose, and glucagon stimulates responses that raise blood glucose. Insulin and glucagon are referred to as which of the following?

Antagonistic effectors

Shivering is a mechanism that helps to increase body temperature. Sweating is a mechanism that helps to decrease body temperature. These responses are examples of which of the following?

Antagonistic effectors

Which type of muscle is composed of small, interconnected cells joined by intercalated disks.

Cardiac

Which of the following are structural features common to connective tissue?

Cells spaced widely apart Abundant extracellular material

Which of the following systems is responsible for the transport of nutrients, gases, and wastes throughout the body?

Circulatory system

What is the source of body heat produced by animals?

Metabolic reactions

A positive feedback loop, when presented with a change in a physiological variable, results in responses that do which of the following?

Move the variable further in the direction of the change

Which organ system moves the body?

Muscular

What is the term for a homeostatic mechanism in which deviations from the set point are minimized?

Negative feedback

Which of the following are the four main types of tissues found in animals?

Nerve Muscle Epithelial Connective

Which organ systems are responsible for communication and integration of information?

Nervous, Endocrine

What is the function of neuroglia?

To support and protect neurons

is a state of dormancy characterized by a reduction in an animal's metabolic rate and body temperature.

Torpor

The surface of an epithelial cell is exposed to the outside environment or, internally, to the lumen of a tube, such as a blood vessel.

apical

The special connective tissues are , , and .

cartilage, bone, blood

What are the special connective tissues?

cartilage, bone, blood

Rank the following components of an organ system in order of increasing complexity. List the most simple structure at the top.

cell, tissue, organ, organ system

Choose the four levels of organization within the vertebrate body.

cells, tissues, organ, organ system

he four primary tissues found in vertebrate animals are epithelial tissue, tissue, tissue, and tissue.

connective, muscle, nerve

In heat exchange, heat from warm blood is transferred by conduction to cold blood that is being returned to an animal's core.

countercurrent