Chapter 46: Microbiology and Disease

Coccus bacteria can be divided into which of the following types?

Diplococci Staphylococci Streptococci

Which type of microorganism consists of hereditary material, either DNA or RNA?

Subcellular

The types of microorganisms include

bacteria. protozoans. viruses.

A specimen can be examined in

a smear. a wet mount.

Which of the following are single-celled eukaryotic organisms that are generally much larger than bacteria?

Protozoans

The greatest risk factor for contracting HIV infection from someone who is HIV positive is

engaging in unprotected sexual activity.

The medical term for "cough up" is

expectorate.

Normal flora are normally found on the

skin.

Which of the following are eukaryotic organisms with a rigid cell wall at some stage in their life cycle?

Fungi

Which of the following apply to naming of microorganisms?

The first letter of the genus is always capitalized. The first word is the genus, and the second word is the species. The species name is always written in lowercase letters.

Scientists classify microorganisms on the basis of their structure, including

subcellular. prokaryotic. eukaryotic.

Medical assistants usually obtain specimens from infected wounds and lesions by

swabbing.

The parainfluenza virus can cause

upper respiratory infections.

When a patient comes into the office with signs or symptoms that suggest an infection, begin by taking the patient's

vital signs.

Which of the following are single-celled prokaryotic organisms that reproduce very quickly and are one of the major causes of disease?

Bacteria

Which of the following pathogens are single-celled and reproduce quickly?

Bacteria

Colony

Distinct group of microorganisms, visible with the naked eye, on the surface of a culture medium

Which of the following are white blood cells that are a key component of the body's immune system?

Helper T cells

Which of the following is spread mainly through the fecal-oral route?

Hepatitis A

Which of the following is the most common bloodborne hazard healthcare workers face?

Hepatitis B

Which of the following is an unusual malignancy occurring in the skin and sometimes in the lymph nodes, manifested by reddish purple to dark blue patches or spots on the skin?

Kaposi's sarcoma

What insect can spread many viral, bacterial, and protozoal diseases?

Lice

Certain protozoans are pathogenic, causing which of the following diseases?

Malaria Amebic dysentery Trichomoniasis vaginitis

Patients with AIDS may complain of which of the following signs or symptoms?

Night sweats Dry cough Chills

Which of the following are signs or symptoms of infections caused by microorganisms?

Pain Swelling Redness

Which of the following is an organism that lives on or in another organism and uses that other organism for its own nourishment?

Parasite

Coccus

Spherical, round, or ovoid bacterium

Spirillum

Spiral-shaped bacterium

Acid-fast stain

Staining procedure for identifying bacteria that have a waxy cell wall

Which of the following is an infection caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes?

Strep throat

Which type of parasitic worm is found in muscle tissue?

Trichinella

From earliest to latest, the stages of HIV infection are ______.

acute infection, chronic infection, AIDS

Bacteria that grow best in the presence of oxygen are called

aerobes.

The route of transmission for tuberculosis is

airborne.

If a sample is to be sent to an outside laboratory, it should be transported in such a way that any pathogenic organisms remain

alive. safely contained.

On the basis of identification of the microorganism and antibiotic sensitivity, the physician can prescribe

an antimicrobial.

Drug resistance has been linked to the overuse of

antibiotics.

A(n) ____________________ kills microorganisms or suppresses their growth.

antimicrobial

Most fungi do not cause disease in humans; however, of those that do, most produce superficial infections, including

athlete's foot. thrush. ringworm.

The causative organism of ringworm is

dermatophytes.

Bacteria are single-celled prokaryotic organisms that reproduce very quickly and are one of the major causes of

disease.

When obtaining a specimen, it is important to use great care to avoid causing the patient

embarrassment. discomfort. harm.

The first step in diagnosing and treating infections is to

examine the patient.

In humans, chlamydiae can cause

eye disease. venereal disease.

Organisms that can grow in an aerobic environment and in an anaerobic environment are referred to as

facultative.

The route of transmission for Escherichia coli is

food-borne.

AIDS develops in 3 main stages, including

full-blown AIDS. chronic HIV infection. acute HIV infection.

Strep throat is a

gram-positive coccus.

There is a vaccine to prevent

hepatitis B.

A diminished appetite, joint pain or tenderness, and stomach pain are signs or symptoms of

hepatitis.

HIV is a virus that infects and gradually destroys components of the ______ system.

immune

A culture and sensitivity is performed in many cases of

infection.

An infection caused by a parasite is called a(n)

infestation.

Specimen-collection devices are usually provided by the

lab.

A stain is a solution of a dye or group of dyes that imparts a color to

microorganisms.

Microbiology is the study of

microorganisms.

Insects that can burrow under the skin or bite include

mites. ticks. mosquitoes.

To determine the cause of infection, you may need to obtain specimens from 1 or more areas of the

patient's body.

Fever, dry cough, shortness of breath, and fatigue are signs or symptoms of

pneumocystis pneumonia.

Bacilli are responsible for a wide variety of infections, including

pneumonia. gastroenteritis. tuberculosis.

Some microorganisms produce cell- and tissue-damaging toxins or

poisons.

HIV can be found in

semen. blood.

Specific microorganisms are named in a standard way, using 2 words. The first word refers to the genus to which the microorganism belongs, and the second word refers to the ______ of the organism.

species

The most important step in isolating and identifying a microorganism as the cause of an infection is collecting a

specimen.

The most common types of culture specimens are

throat. sputum. urine.

Which of the following are parasitic?

Rickettsiae Chlamydiae Viruses

Facultative

Able to grow in environments with or without oxygen

Which organization began the Campaign to Prevent Antimicrobial Resistance in Healthcare Settings?

CDC

In which of the following is a sample specimen placed in a substance to allow microorganisms to grow?

Culture

Which of the following involves culturing a specimen and then testing the isolated bacterium's susceptibility to certain antibiotics?

Culture and sensitivity

Which of the following is a substance that contains all the nutrients a particular type of microorganism needs?

Culture medium

Which of the following is causative organism for infectious mononucleosis?

Epstein-Barr virus

Which of the following worms infect people?

Flatworms Roundworms Tapeworms

Agar

Gelatin-like substance derived from seaweed that gives a culture medium its semisolid consistency

Which method of staining differentiates bacteria according to the chemical composition of their cell walls?

Gram stain

Which of the following is a form of microscopic life found everywhere?

Microorganism

Fungi, bacteria, viruses, protozoans, and multicellular parasites are known as

Microorganisms

Which of the following is the most reliable and timely method of transporting microbiological specimens?

Pickup by the laboratory

Wet mount

Preparation of a specimen in a liquid that allows the organism to remain alive and mobile while it is being identified

Which microorganism structure have a simple cell structure with no nucleus and no organelles in the cytoplasm?

Prokaryotic

Which of the following types of microorganism has a simple cell structure with no nucleus and no organelles in the cytoplasm?

Prokaryotic

Why should the collection system provide a mean of generating an oxygen-free environment?

So the anaerobic organisms remain viable.

Rickettsiae are responsible for diseases such as

Rocky Mountain spotted fever. typhus.

Bacillus

Rod-shaped bacterium

Which of the following are risk factors for the development of infection with drug-resistant organisms?

Severity of the illness Previous use of antimicrobial agents

Which of the following are invasive procedures?

Urinary catheterization Dialysis

List the three main objectives when transporting a microbiologic specimen.

Use proper collection procedures. Protect everyone from exposure to the potentially infectious material. Maintain the samples in their original state, as much as possible.

Which of the following are the most common multidrug-resistant organisms in patients who reside in nonhospital healthcare facilities?

VRE MRSA

Varicella-zoster is caused by which of the following pathogens?

Viruses

Which of the following is a preparation of a specimen in a liquid that allows the organisms to remain alive and mobile while they are being identified?

Wet mount

You must process urine specimens within an hour of collection or refrigerate them to prevent continued

bacterial growth.

It is important to obtain specimens before antimicrobial therapy

begins.

To minimize contaminants in urine specimens, it is important to obtain a

clean-catch midstream specimen.

The best prevention against hepatitis B is avoiding contact with

contaminated substances.

The CDC began the Campaign to Prevent Antimicrobial Resistance in Healthcare Settings, which has strategies to reduce the incidence of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. These strategies include

preventing infection. using antibiotics carefully. preventing the transmission of infections.

Some microorganisms are called

resident normal flora.

The doctor may request a throat culture on patients with signs or symptoms of a(n)

upper respiratory infection. sinus infection. throat infection.

Specimen collection devices are available for the collection of

urine. sputum. stool specimens.

Several collection systems are available for culturing anaerobic organisms. These systems provide a means of generating an oxygen-free environment so the anaerobic organisms remain

viable during transport.

The signs and symptoms of hepatitis include

vomiting. fatigue. jaundice.