CHAPTER 48 CARE OF PATIENT WITH A CARDIOVASCULAR OR A PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISORDER

The patient with congestive heart failure who is on a diuretic drug shows a weight loss of 6.6 lb. The nurse is aware that the patient has lost ______ L of fluid.

3 A liter of fluid equals 2.2 lb. A loss of 6.6 lb would mean the loss of 3 L of fluid.

The nurse explains that the heart has the ability to contract in a rhythmic pattern that is called ____________.

automaticity Automaticity is the special ability of the myocardium to contract in a rhythmic pattern.

During a health interview by the home health nurse, which patient complaint suggests left-sided heart failure? a. "I have to sleep in my recliner and I have this hacking cough." b. "I have no appetite and I have lost 3 lb in the last week." c. "I have to urinate every 2 hours, even during the night." d. "I go barefoot most of the time because my feet are so hot."

a. "I have to sleep in my recliner and I have this hacking cough." Left ventricular failure; the first is signs and symptoms of decreased cardiac output. The second is pulmonary congestion. Signs and symptoms of this condition include dyspnea, orthopnea, pulmonary crackles, hemoptysis, and cough.

The nurse identifies the "LUBB" sound of the "LUBB/DUBB" of the cardiac cycle as the sound of the: a. AV valves closing. b. closure of the semilunar valves. c. contraction of the papillary muscles. d. contraction of the ventricles.

a. AV valves closing. The LUBB is the first sound of a low pitch heard when the AV valves close.

How should the nurse advise a patient with an international normalized ratio (INR) of 5.8? a. Make arrangements to go to the emergency room immediately b. Increase fluid intake to 2000 mL/day c. Stop taking the anticoagulant and notify health care provider d. Add more leafy green vegetables to patient diet

c. Stop taking the anticoagulant and notify health care provider The INR that is desired should be maintained between 2 and 3. A reading of 5.8 puts the patient at risk for hemorrhage. The patient should stop taking the anticoagulant and contact the physician for further instruction.

The nurse clarifies that the master pacemaker of the heart is the: a. left ventricle. b. atrioventricular (AV) node. c. sinoatrial (SA) node. d. bundle of His.

c. sinoatrial (SA) node. The SA node is the master pacemaker of the heart.

After an influenza-like illness, the patient complains of chills and small petechiae in his mouth and his legs. A heart murmur is detectable. These are characteristic signs of: a. congestive heart failure. b. heart block. c. aortic stenosis. d. infective endocarditis.

d. infective endocarditis. Collection of subjective data includes noting patient complaints of influenza-like symptoms with recurrent fever, undue fatigue, chest pain, and chills. Objective data may reveal the significant signs of petechiae in the conjunctiva and mouth. Both subjective data and objective data are indicative of infective endocarditis.

The nurse is aware that the muscle layer of the heart, which is responsible for the heart's contraction, is the: a. endocardium. b. pericardium. c. mediastinum. d. myocardium.

d. myocardium. The myocardium is the specialized muscle layer that allows the heart to contract.

Arrange in sequence the path of the blood through the coronary circulation. (Separate letters by a comma and space as follows: A, B, C, D) a. Right atrium b. Pulmonary artery c. Tricuspid valve d. Right ventricle e. Superior and inferior vena cava f. Pulmonary vein g. Left atrium h. Mitral valve i. Left ventricle j. Lungs

e. Superior and inferior vena cava a. Right atrium c. Tricuspid valve d. Right ventricle b. Pulmonary artery j. Lungs f. Pulmonary vein g. Left atrium h. Mitral valve i. Left ventricle The blood travels through the vena cava to the right atrium, through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle, through the pulmonary artery to the lungs. The pulmonary veins deliver the blood to the left atrium, then through the mitral valve to the left ventricle and out the aorta to the body.

The pain that a person with arterial insufficiency feels on exertion, which is relieved by rest, is ______________ _____________.

intermittent claudication Intermittent claudication is a pain caused by ischemia when a person with arterial insufficiency exerts to the point that the tissues have inadequate oxygen-rich blood. The pain is relieved by rest.

The cardiac marker ___________ rises 3 hours after a myocardial infarct and measures myocardial contractile protein.

troponin I Troponin I is a serum cardiac marker that rises 3 hours after an MI and can measure myocardial contractile tissue. Troponin I is not affected by skeletal muscle injury as is troponin T.

The nurse recognizes the echocardiogram report that shows an ejection factor of 42% as an indication of: a. normal heart action. b. mild heart failure. c. moderate heart failure. d. severe heart failure.

c. moderate heart failure. An ejection factor (cardiac output) of 42% indicates moderate heart failure.

What is the transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) used for? (Select all that apply.) a. Detect thrombi before a cardioversion b. Check for cardiac arrhythmias c. Visualize vegetation on the heart valves d. Measure effectiveness of diuretic therapy e. Visualize abscesses on the heart valves

A C E The TEE is used to check for thrombi before cardioversion, and to visualize vegetation and abscesses on the valves of the heart.

What is the third step in the impulse pattern of conduction through the heart? a. Atrial wall b. Atrial-ventricular (AV) node c. Purkinje fibers d. Sinoatrial (SA) node e. Bundle branches f. Bundle of His

ANS: B The conduction begins with the impulse from the SA node that travels down the atrial wall to the AV node, to the Bundle of His, to the bundle branches, and finally to the Purkinje fibers

The nurse assesses pitting edema that can be depressed approximately inch and refills in 15 seconds. The nurse would document this assessment as: a. +1 edema. b. +2 edema. c. +3 edema. d. +4 edema.

b. +2 edema. A +2 edema can be documented if the skin can be depressed inch and respond within 15 seconds.

The nurse outlines which of the following as conditions that would disqualify a candidate for a heart transplant? (Select all that apply.) a. Recent malignancy b. Dilated cardiomyopathy c. Peptic ulcer disease d. Diabetes type 2 e. Severe obesity f. Inoperable coronary artery disease

A C E Contraindications for candidacy for cardiac transplant include recent malignancy, active peptic ulcer disease, severe obesity, diabetes type 1 with end-organ damage. Dilated cardiomyopathy and inoperable coronary artery disease are indications for transplant.

The nurse encourages the patient who is recovering from a myocardial infarct (MI) to ask the health care provider to prescribe a cardiac rehabilitation series in order to learn to (select all that apply): a. improve stamina. b. strengthen muscles. c. plan an appropriate diet. d. select herbal remedies. e. reduce risk of further problems. f. understand heart condition.

A B E F Cardiac rehabilitation offers exercise programs to increase strength and increase stamina. Educational opportunities are offered on reduction of risk and understanding the disease process.

The nurse points out which of the following as modifiable risks for coronary artery disease (CAD)? (Select all that apply.) a. Diabetes mellitus b. Heredity c. Smoking d. Hypertension e. Hyperlipidemia f. Age

A C D E Modifiable risks for the development of CAD include smoking, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and stress.

Following an angiogram with the insertion site of the left groin, the nurse will include in the plan of care provisions for (select all that apply): a. checking pedal pulses. b. ambulating with assistance 2 hours after recovery. c. checking color and warmth of left leg frequently. d. sandbagging over insertion site. e. placing patient in semi-Fowler position.

A C D. The pulses below the insertion site are checked to ensure patency of the vessels; the color and warmth of the left extremity is checked to ensure adequate circulation. A sandbag or other pressure device is placed over the insertion site. The patient is maintained in a supine position for several hours postprocedure.

What is the second step in the path of blood through the coronary circulation? a. Right atrium b. Pulmonary artery c. Tricuspid valve d. Right ventricle e. Superior and inferior vena cava f. Pulmonary vein g. Left atrium h. Mitral valve

ANS: A The blood travels through the vena cava to the right atrium, through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle, through the pulmonary artery to the lungs. The pulmonary veins deliver the blood to the left atrium, then through the mitral valve to the left ventricle and out the aorta to the body

Which information should be taught to patients starting on anticoagulant therapy for a valvular disorder? (Select all that apply.) a. Increase the dose of aspirin for better therapy. b. Take medication at the same time each day. c. Report to physician cuts that do not stop bleeding with direct pressure. d. No restrictions for food or drink. e. Report for prescribed blood tests (PTT, INR, CBC, blood sugar).

ANS: B, C Aspirin should not be used with anticoagulant therapy because it will increase bleeding. Gums, nosebleeds, excessive bruising, and cuts that do not stop bleeding with direct pressure should be reported to the physician. Alcohol and dark green and yellow vegetables should be avoided because they contain vitamin K. Normal blood tests for anticoagulant therapy are PTT, INR, and PT.

The nurse would design teaching for a patient with Raynaud disease to include which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a. Warming hands and feet with a heating pad b. Using mittens in cold weather c. Practicing stress-reducing techniques d. Complete smoking cessation e. Using caution when cleaning the refrigerator or freezer

ANS: B, C, D, E Nursing interventions include patient teaching in techniques for stress reduction, avoiding exposure to cold, and techniques for smoking cessation.

The nurse would assess closely for signs of right-sided heart failure which include (select all that apply): a. cough. b. increasing abdominal girth. c. shortness of breath. d. edema of feet and ankles. e. distended jugular veins. f. orthopnea.

ANS: B, D, E Indicators of right-sided heart failure are distended jugular veins, anorexia, abdominal distention from ascites, liver enlargement with right upper quadrant pain, and edema of feet and ankles

The nurse reminds the patient who is on Coumadin for the treatment of atrial fibrillation that the ideal is to maintain the international normalized ratio (INR) at between: a. 1 and 2. b. 2 and 3. c. 3 and 4. d. 4 and 5.

b. 2 and 3. The desired INR for the monitoring of anticoagulant therapy is between 2 and 3.

When assessing a patient with a possible MI, what should the nurse assess for? (Select all that apply.) a. Pain radiating to left arm and jaw b. Hypertension c. Pallor d. Diaphoresis e. Erratic behavior f. Cardiac rhythm changes

B C D E F Hypertension, vomiting, diaphoresis, hypotension, pallor, and cardiac rhythm changes are objective data seen in patients with an MI.

Which of the following are signs of digoxin (Lanoxin) toxicity? (Select all that apply.) a. Ringing in the ears b. Bradycardia c. Headache d. Visual disturbance e. Hematuria f. Gastrointestinal complaints

B C D F Major signs of digoxin toxicity are nausea, bradycardia (HR <60), headache, and visual disturbances, as well as fatigue and arrhythmias.

Which patient teaching would help to prevent venous stasis? (Select all that apply.) a. Dangle legs when sitting b. Avoid crossing legs at the knee c. Elevate legs when lying in bed or sitting d. Massage extremities to help maintain blood flow e. Wear elastic stockings when ambulating

B C E Avoid prolonged sitting or standing. Avoid crossing the legs at the knee. Elevate legs when sitting. Wear elastic stockings when ambulatory. Do not massage extremities because of danger of embolization of clots (thrombus breaking off and becoming an embolus).

The nurse assesses that the home health patient has no signs or symptoms of heart failure, but does have a history of rheumatic fever and has been recently diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. The nurse is aware that using the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) staging, this patient would be a: a. stage A. b. stage B. c. stage C. d. stage D.

a. stage A. The ACC/AHA staging describes stage A as a person without symptoms of heart failure, but with primary conditions associated with the development of the disease.

A patient admitted to the emergency room with a possible myocardial infarction (MI) has reports back from the laboratory. Which laboratory report is specific for myocardial damage? a. CK-MB b. Elevated white count c. Elevated sedimentation rate d. Low level of sodium

a. CK-MB The CK-MB is elevated when there is infarcted myocardial muscle. The elevated white count, low sodium, and ESR are nonspecific.

The patient, age 26, is hospitalized with cardiomyopathy. While obtaining a nursing history from her, the nurse recognizes that the increased incidence of cardiomyopathy in young adults who have minimal risk factors for cardiovascular disease is related to which factor(s)? a. Cocaine use b. Viral infections c. Vitamin B1 deficiencies d. Pregnancy

a. Cocaine use Cardiomyopathy caused by cocaine abuse is seen more frequently than ever before. Cocaine also causes high circulating levels of catecholamines, which may further damage myocardial cells, leading to ischemic or dilated cardiomyopathy. The cardiomyopathy produced is difficult to treat. Interventions deal mainly with the HF that ensues.

The nurse is treating a patient who has had a pacemaker inserted for the correction of atrial fibrillation. Which diagnostic test is no longer available to the patient because of the implanted device? a. MRI b. CT scan c. Thallium scan d. PET

a. MRI Because of the large magnets in the MRI cabinet, the pacemaker may be reset to a fixed mode and interfere with the functioning of the pacemaker.

The nurse caring for a patient recovering from a myocardial infarction (MI) teaches which method to avoid the Valsalva maneuver during a bowel movement? a. Mouth breathing b. Pursing the lips and whistling c. Taking a deep breath and holding it d. Breathing rapidly through the nose

a. Mouth breathing Mouth breathing will lessen the severity of straining and will decrease the effect of the Valsalva maneuver on intrathoracic pressure.

The postsurgical patient has a painful and swollen right calf that appears to be larger than the calf of the left leg. What is the nurse assessing for when she flexes the patient's right leg and dorsiflexes the foot? a. Pain, which would be a positive Homans sign b. Muscular spasm, which would be a sign of hypocalcemia c. Rigidity, which would be a sign of ankylosis d. Crepitus, which would be a sign of a joint disorder

a. Pain, which would be a positive Homans sign A positive Homans sign for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a report of pain when the affected leg is flexed and the foot is dorsiflexed.

What is the major cause of cardiac valve disease? a. Rheumatic fever b. Long history of malnutrition c. Drug abuse d. Obesity

a. Rheumatic fever Rheumatic fever, a streptococcal infection, is the major cause of cardiac valve disease.

What is the difference between primary and secondary hypertension? a. Secondary hypertension is caused by another disorder like renal disease. b. Secondary hypertension is related to hereditary factors. c. Secondary hypertension cannot be treated effectively. d. Secondary hypertension is no real threat to health.

a. Secondary hypertension is caused by another disorder like renal disease. Secondary hypertension is a consistently elevated blood pressure that is caused by another disorder, such as renal disease, diabetes, or Cushing syndrome.

What is the patient goal of the walking exercise program designed for the rehabilitation of a post-MI patient? a. Walk 2 miles in less than 60 minutes after 12 weeks. b. Jog mile in less than 30 minutes after 12 weeks. c. "Fast walk" 1 mile in less than 20 minutes after 12 weeks. d. Walk 1 mile in 15 minutes without dyspnea after 12 weeks.

a. Walk 2 miles in less than 60 minutes after 12 weeks. The goal of the 12-week walking program is that the patient can walk 2 miles in less than 60 minutes.

The patient has a total cholesterol of 190 with a high-density lipid (HDL) of 110 and a low-density lipid (LDL) of 80. The nurse's reaction is one of: a. satisfaction. This is good cholesterol control. b. determination. This is evidence that more instruction is necessary. c. inquiry. This needs to clarified as to the cause of noncompliance with the drug protocol. d. regret. This shows very poor cholesterol control.

a. satisfaction. This is good cholesterol control. Total cholesterol of less than 200 is desirable. The higher the number of HDLs the better. A high number of LDLs puts the patient at risk for heart disease.

The nurse takes into consideration that age-related changes can affect the peripheral circulation because of: a. sclerosed blood vessels. b. hypotension. c. inactivity. d. poor nutrition.

a. sclerosed blood vessels. Aging causes sclerotic changes in the blood vessels that lead to decreased elasticity and narrowing of the vessel lumen.

A patient, age 72, was admitted to the medical unit with a diagnosis of angina pectoris. Characteristic signs and symptoms of angina pectoris include: a. substernal pain that radiates down the left arm. b. epigastric pain that radiates to the jaw. c. indigestion, nausea, and eructation. d. fatigue, shortness of breath, and dyspnea.

a. substernal pain that radiates down the left arm. The pain often radiates down the left inner arm to the little finger and also upward to the shoulder and jaw.

The life support system that uses special techniques, ventilation equipment, and therapies for emergency situations is ________.

advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) advanced cardiac life support ACLS ACLS is a life support system that uses special techniques, ventilation equipment, and therapies for emergency situations.

Trace the impulse pattern of conduction in sequence through the heart. (Separate letters by a comma and space as follows: A, B, C, D) a. Atrial wall b. Atrial-ventricular (AV) node c. Purkinje fibers d. Sinoatrial (SA) node e. Bundle branches f. Bundle of His

b. Atrial-ventricular (AV) node a. Atrial wall d. Sinoatrial (SA) node f. Bundle of His e. Bundle branches c. Purkinje fibers The conduction begins with the impulse from the SA node that travels down the atrial wall to the AV node, to the Bundle of His, to the bundle branches, and finally to the Purkinje fibers.

The home health nurse caring for a patient with infective endocarditis overhears the patient making a dental appointment for an extraction next month. Which question is most important for the nurse to ask? a. "Do you have a toothache?" b. "Have you contacted your physician about your dental appointment?" c. "Is your dentist board certified?" d. "Do you think you should wait that long for your tooth extraction?'

b. "Have you contacted your physician about your dental appointment?" Patients with endocarditis are put on a protocol of prophylactic antibiotics for any invasive procedure. The dentist and physician should be contacted before the extraction.

The nurse caring for a patient recovering from a myocardial infarct who is on remote telemetry recognizes the need for added instruction when the patient says: a. "I can ambulate in the hallway with this gadget on." b. "I always take off the telemetry device when I shower." c. "My EKG is being watched by one of the nurses in CCU on the home unit." d. "I am able to sleep just fine with this device on."

b. "I always take off the telemetry device when I shower." Remote telemetry allows the patient to be on a separate unit, but be monitored in a central location. The patients can be ambulatory and can sleep with the monitor on. They should not remove the monitor to shower.

Which statement would lead the nurse to offer more instruction about taking warfarin (Coumadin)? a. "I eat a banana every morning with breakfast." b. "I try to eat more green leafy vegetables, especially broccoli, spinach, and kale." c. "I try to eat a well-balanced, low-fat diet." d. "I don't drink alcohol or caffeine."

b. "I try to eat more green leafy vegetables, especially broccoli, spinach, and kale." Avoid marked changes in eating habits, such as dramatically increasing foods high in vitamin K (e.g., broccoli, spinach, kale, greens). Limit alcohol intake to small amounts.

The elderly patient with angina pectoris says she is unsure how she should take nitroglycerin when she has an attack. The nurse's most helpful response would be: a. "Continue to take nitroglycerin sublingually at 5-minute intervals until the pain is relieved." b. "If the pain is not relieved after three doses of nitroglycerin at 5-minute intervals, call your physician and come to the hospital." c. "When nitroglycerin is not relieving the pain, lie down and rest." d. "Use oxygen at home to relieve pain when nitroglycerin is not successful."

b. "If the pain is not relieved after three doses of nitroglycerin at 5-minute intervals, call your physician and come to the hospital." Administer prescribed nitroglycerin. Repeat every 5 minutes, three times. If pain is unrelieved, notify the physician. Nitroglycerin administered sublingually usually relieves angina symptoms but does not relieve the pain from an MI. Administering nitroglycerin more than three times will probably not relieve the pain.

Which assessment would lead the nurse to examine the leg closely for evidence of a stasis ulcer? a. Cool dry lower limb b. Edematous, red scaly skin on medial surface of the leg c. Lack of hair and shiny appearance of the lower leg d. Lack of a pedal pulse

b. Edematous, red scaly skin on medial surface of the leg Suggestion of a stasis ulcer in the making is an edematous, dry scaly area on the medial surface of the lower leg that has a darker pigmentation (rubor). Cool hairless limbs with absent or weak pedal pulses are indicative of arterial insufficiency.

The nurse is aware that the symptoms of an impending myocardial infarction (MI) differ in women because acute chest pain is not present. Women are frequently misdiagnosed as having: a. hepatitis A. b. indigestion. c. urinary infection. d. menopausal complications.

b. indigestion. Indigestion, gallbladder attack, anxiety attack, and depression are frequent misdiagnoses for women having an MI.

A patient is admitted from the emergency department. The emergency department physician notes the patient has a diagnosis of heart failure with a New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification of IV. This indicates the patient's condition as: a. moderate heart failure. b. severe heart failure. c. congestive heart failure. d. negligible heart failure.

b. severe heart failure. Class IV: Severe; patient unable to perform any physical activity without discomfort. Angina or symptoms of cardiac inefficiency may develop at rest.

The patient has become very dyspneic, respirations are 32, and the pulse is 100. The patient is coughing up frothy red sputum. What should be the initial nursing intervention? a. Lay the patient flat to reduce hypotension and the symptoms of cardiogenic shock. b. Place patient in side-lying position to reduce the symptoms of atrial fibrillation. c. Place patient upright with legs in dependent position to reduce the symptoms of pulmonary edema. d. Lay the patient flat and elevate the feet to increase venous return in cardiogenic shock.

c. Place patient upright with legs in dependent position to reduce the symptoms of pulmonary edema. Signs and symptoms of pulmonary edema are restlessness; vague uneasiness; agitation; disorientation; diaphoresis; severe dyspnea; tachypnea; tachycardia; pallor or cyanosis; cough producing large quantities of blood-tinged, frothy sputum; audible wheezing and crackles; and cold extremities. The legs in a dependent position will decrease venous return and ease the pulmonary edema.

The nurse making a teaching plan for a patient with Buerger disease (thromboangiitis obliterans) will focus on the need for: a. reduction of alcohol intake. b. avoiding cold remedies. c. cessation of smoking. d. weight reduction.

c. cessation of smoking. The hazards of cigarette smoking and its relationship to Buerger disease are the primary focus of patient teaching. None of the palliative treatments are effective if the patient does not stop smoking. Nowhere are the cause and effect of smoking so dramatically seen as with Buerger disease.

The home health nurse warns the patient who is taking warfarin (Coumadin) for anticoagulant therapy for thrombophlebitis to stop taking the herbal remedy of ginkgo because ginkgo can: a. cause severe episodes of diarrhea. b. cause a severe skin eruption if taken with Coumadin. c. increase the action of the Coumadin. d. cause the Coumadin to be less effective.

c. increase the action of the Coumadin. Herbal remedies such as ginkgo, garlic, angelica, and red clover can increase (potentiate) the action of the Coumadin.

The nurse assessing a cardiac monitor notes that the cardiac complexes each have a P wave followed by a QRS and a T. The rate is 120. The nurse recognizes this arrhythmia as: a. sinus bradycardia. b. atrial fibrillation. c. sinus tachycardia. d. ventricular tachycardia.

c. sinus tachycardia. Sinus tachycardia has a P wave followed by the QRS and the T. All the components of the complex are present and in the correct order, but the rate is over 100 beats a minute.

The nurse notes a run of three ventricular contractions (PVC) that are not preceded by a P wave. This particular arrhythmia can progress into: a. atrial fibrillation and possible emboli. b. sinus tachycardia and syncope. c. ventricular tachycardia and death. d. sinus bradycardia and fatigue.

c. ventricular tachycardia and death. PVCs are capable of progressing into ventricular tachycardia and death.

The process by which a heart is shocked from a persistent arrhythmia back into sinus rhythm is called a ____________.

cardioversion Cardioversion is the restoration of the heart's normal sinus rhythm with the delivery of synchronized electric shock.

The nurse reminds the patient that the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute recommends a lipid study every _________ years. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

d. 5 The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute recommend a lipid study every 5 years for all Americans, but especially for the older adult.

The nurse making the schedule for the daily dose of furosemide (Lasix) would schedule the administration for which of the following times? a. Late in the afternoon b. At bedtime c. With any meal d. In the morning

d. In the morning Diuretics should be scheduled for morning administration to avoid causing the patient nocturia.

What should a person with unstable angina avoid? a. Walking outside b. Eating red meat c. Swimming in warm pool d. Shoveling snow

d. Shoveling snow The person with angina should avoid exposure to cold, heavy exercise, eating heavy meals, and emotional stress.

What do dark or "cold" spots on a thallium scan indicate? a. Tissue with adequate blood supply b. Dilated vessels c. Areas of neoplastic growth d. Tissue that has inadequate perfusion

d. Tissue that has inadequate perfusion Thallium scans show adequate perfused areas by the collection of thallium. Dark spots or "cold spots" indicate tissues that have inadequate perfusion.

The patient has been hospitalized for hypertensive episodes three times in the last months. While preparing the discharge teaching plan, the nurse assesses that he does not comply with his medication regimen. The nurse's immediate course of action would be to: a. reteach him about his medications. b. have a serious talk with him and his family about compliance. c. arrange for home visits after discharge. d. collect more information to identify his reasons for noncompliance.

d. collect more information to identify his reasons for noncompliance. Nursing interventions include measures to prevent disease progression and complications. Reteaching about medication will not identify the cause of noncompliance.

The nurse caring for a 92-year-old patient with pneumonia who is receiving IV carefully monitors the flow rate of the IV infusion because rapid infusion can cause: a. hypotension. b. thrombophlebitis. c. pulmonary emboli. d. heart failure.

d. heart failure. Heart failure can result from rapid infusion of intravenous fluids in older adults.