Chapter 5, 7-11, 14-17 Question Review Test

What is a preview statement? Why should you nearly always include a preview statement in the introduction of your speech?

1. A statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body. 2. It helps the audience listen effectively and provides a smooth lead-in to the body of the speech.

What are three criteria for evaluating the soundness of research materials that you find on the Internet?:

1. Authorship 2. Sponsorship 3. Recency

What are the three stages of a research interview? What should you do in each stage to help ensure a successful interview?

1. Before the interview: A) Define the purpose of the interview B) Decide whom to interview C) Arrange the interview D) Decide whether to record the interview E) Prepare your questions 2. During the interview: A) Dress appropriate and be on time B) Repeat the purpose of the interview C) Set up the recorder if you are using one D) Keep the interview on track E) Listen carefully F) Don't overstay your welcome 3. After the interview: A) Review your notes as soon as possible B) Transcribe your notes

What are two ways you can signal the end of your speech?

1. Crescendo ending- a conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity 2. Dissolve ending- a conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement

reference work

A work that synthesizes a large amount of related information for easy access by researchers.

What are three tips for preparing your main points?

A. Keep main points separate and distinct. B. Use parallel wording in your main points. C. Balance the amount of time devoted to each main point.

statistics

numerical data

general purpose

the speaker's overall objective: to inform, to persuade, or to entertain

topic

the subject treated in a paragraph or work

residual message

what a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech

What are the four objectives of a speech introduction?

1. Get the attention and interest of the audience 2. Reveal the topic of your speech 3. Establish your credibility and goodwill 4. Preview the body of the speech

What four pieces of information do you usually need to provide when making oral source citations in a speech?

1. Identifying the document you are citing 2. Its date of publication or posting 3. The author or sponsoring organization 4. The author's credential

What three brainstorming methods can you follow if you are having trouble choosing a topic for your speech?

1. Inventory Hobbies, Interest 2. Clustering 3. Internet

What are six tips for your introduction?

1. Keep it brief 2. Look for possible introductory materials while you research 3. Be creative 4. Don't worry about the exact wording until you finished preparing the body of the speech 5. Work out the introduction in detail 6. When presenting, don't start talking too soon

What are five resources for finding what you need in the library?

1. Librarians 2. The catalogue 3. Reference works 4. Newspaper and periodical databases 5. Academic databases

What are four tips for your conclusion?

1. Look for possible concluding materials as you research and develop your speech 2. Conclude with a bang, not a whimper 3. Don't be long-winded 4. Don't leave anything in your conclusion to chance

What are 4 tips for using testimony in your speeches?:

1. Quote accurately 2. Use testimony from qualified sources 3. Use testimony from unbiased sources 4. Identify the people you quote or paraphrase

What are seven methods you can use in the introduction to get the attention and interest of your audience?

1. Relate the topic to the audience 2. State the importance of your topic 3. Startle the audience 4. Arouse the curiosity of the audience 5. Question the audience 6. Begin with a quotation 7. Tell a story

What are the major functions of a speech conclusion?

1. Signal the end of the speech 2. Reinforce the central idea 3. Strong final statement

What are four ways to reinforce the central idea when concluding your speech?

1. Summarize your speech 2. End with a quotation 3. Make a dramatic statement 4. Refer to the introduction

What four things should you do to take research notes efficiently?

1. Take plenty of notes 2. Record notes in a consistent format 3. Make a separate entry for each note 4. Distinguish among direct quotes, paraphrases, and your own ideas

What are six tips for using statistics in your speeches?

1. Use statistics to quantify your ideas 2. Use statistics sparingly 3. Identify the sources of your statistics 4. Explain your statistics 5. Round off complicated statistics 6. Use visual aids to clarify statistical trends

What are five tips for using examples in your speeches

1. clarify your ideas 2. reinforce your ideas 3. personalize your ideas 4. Make it vivid and richly textured 5. Practice delivery

What are five tips for formulating your specific purpose?

1. full infinitive phrase 2. statement, not question 3. avoid figurative language 4. limit to one distinct idea 5. avoid being vague

What are five questions to ask about your specific purpose?

1. meet assignment 2. time from okay? 3. relevant to audience? 4. too trivial for audience? 5. too technical for audience?

speaking outline

A brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech.

crescendo ending

A conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity

dissolve ending

A conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement.

academic database

A database that catalogues articles from scholarly journals.

preparation outline

A detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech.

pie graph

A graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns.

line graph

A graph that uses one or more lines to show changes in statistics over time or space.

bar graph

A graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items

preliminary bibliography

A list compiled early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic.

bibliography

A list of all the sources used in preparing a speech.

catalogue

A listing of all the books, periodicals, and other resources owned by a library.

problem-solution order

A method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the problem and the second main point presents a solution.

topical order

A method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics.

spatial order

A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern.

chronological order

A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern.

causal order

A method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship.

call number

A number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves.

Rhetorical Question

A question that the audience answers mentally rather than out loud.

newspaper and periodical database

A research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of magazines, journals, and newspapers.

virtual library

A search engine that combines Internet technology with traditional library methods of cataloguing and assessing data.

brief example

A specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point.

example

A specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like.

internal preview

A statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next.

internal summary

A statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points.

preview statement

A statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body.

extended example

A story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point.

abstract

A summary of a magazine or journal article, written by someone other than the original author.

signpost

A very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas.

chart

A visual aid that summarizes a large block of information, usually in list form.

graph

A visual aid used to show statistical trends and patterns.

connective

A word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationships among them.

transition

A word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another.

How many main points will your speeches usually contain? Why is it important to limit the number of main points in your speech?

A. About 2-5 main points. 3 is considered normal. B. Not enough time in classroom speeches for more than five points, and the audience will be confused

What are the four kinds of speech connectives? What role does each play in the speech?

A. Transitions, Internal Previews, Internal Summaries, and Sign Posts. B. Transitions signal that the speaker has ended one thought and moved on to another. Internal Previews are used to let the audience know what point will be covered next. Internal Summaries are used to summarize the preceding point Sign Posts are used to indicate where a speaker is at in a speech, or to bring attention to a key idea.

hypothetical example

An example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation

research interview

An interview conducted to gather information for a speech.

sponsoring organization

An organization that, in the absence of a clearly identified author, is responsible for the content of a document on the Internet.

Why is it important to outline your speeches?

An outline helps a speaker see the full scope and content of the speech at a glance,Judge whether each part of the speech is fully developed, and-helps create a coherent structure for the speech

What are the three kinds of examples discussed in this chapter? How might you use each kind to support your ideas?

Brief examples-a specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point Extended examples- a story to illustrate a point Hypothetical examples describes an imaginary or fictitious situation

What is the difference between the specific purpose and the central idea of a speech? What are four guidelines for an effective central idea?

Central idea is a one sentence statement that SUMS UP or encapsulates the major IDEAS of a speech, sometimes called the thesis statement. The Specific Purpose is a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech; their GOAL. 1. one sentence statement 2. includes all major ideas in speech 3. express as full sentence 4. don't express as question

What are the five basic patterns of organizing main points in a speech? Which are appropriate for informative speeches? Which is the most appropriate for persuasive speeches? Which is used most often?

Chronological, spatial, causal, problem-solution, and topical are all are appropriate for informative speeches. Problem-solution is most appropriate, while Topical is used most often.

delivery cues

Directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how she or he wants to deliver key parts of the speech.

What are four guidelines for your speaking outline?

Follow the same visual framework as the preparation outline; Make outline legible; make outline brief; include cues for delivery

Why is determining the specific purpose such an important early step in speech preparation? Why is it important to include the audience in the specific purpose statement?

Indicates precisely what your speech seeks to achieve. Helps keep the audience at the center of your attention as you prepare your speech

What are the two general purposes of most classroom speeches? How do they differ?

Inform and to persuade. Inform- Goal is to communicate information clearly. Persuade- Goal is to win listeners over to your point of view.

Why is it important to draw on your own knowledge and experience in gathering materials for your speeches?

It makes your speech more meaningful.

Why is it important to establish your credibility at the beginning of your speech?

It tells the audience why you are qualified to speak on the topic at hand.

What is a preliminary bibliography? Why is it helpful to you in researching a speech?

Preliminary bibliography- a list complied early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic; It's helpful because it keeps track of everything.

strategic organization

Putting a speech together in a way to achieve a result with a particular audience.

testimony

Quotations or paraphrases used to support a point.

quoting out of context

Quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it

What are three ways you can enhance your credibility during your speeches?

Speakers can enhance their credibility by explaining their competence, establishing common ground with the audience, and delivering speeches fluently, expressively, and with conviction.

What are the eight guidelines discussed in the chapter for writing a preparation outline?

State specific purpose; include central idea; label introduction, body and conclusion; consistent pattern of symbolization and indentation; main points and sub points should be in full sentences; label transitions, internal summaries and internal previews; attach bibliography; include a title for the speech

What are the most important thing to remember when organizing supporting materials in the body of your speech?

Supporting materials must be well organized because misplaced supporting materials are confusing to listeners, and details and evidence need to be directly relevant to the main points they support.

peer testimony

Testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic.

expert testimony

Testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields.

direct quotation

Testimony that is presented word for word.

What is testimony? Explain the difference between expert testimony and peer testimony

Testimony- quotes used to support a point Expert testimony- testimony from expert people Peer testimony- testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience

Credibility

The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic.

Goodwill

The audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind.

mean

The average value of a group of numbers.

Why is it important to start your research early?

The longer you wait, the more problems you'll encounter, it will always take longer than you expect, and the more time you have to prepare the better.

main points

The major points developed in the body of a speech. Most speeches contain from two to five main points.

supporting materials

The materials used to support a speaker's ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony

supporting materials

The materials used to support a speaker's ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony.

median

The middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest.

mode

The number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers

visual framework

The pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationships among the speaker's ideas.

Why is it so easy to lie with statistics? What three questions should you ask to judge the reliability of statistics?

There's more to statistics than meets the eye. 1. Are the statistics representative? 2. Are statistical measures used correctly? 3. Are the statistics from a reliable source?

Why do you need supporting materials in your speeches?

To bolster the speaker's point of view

paraphrase

To restate or summarize a source's ideas in one's own words.

Why is it important that speeches be organized clearly and coherently?

Well-organized speeches give listeners to comprehend more easily and that listeners see speakers more trustworthy this way.

brainstorming

a method of generating ideas for speech topics by free association of words and ideas

central idea

a one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech

specific purpose

a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech