chapter 5
Belinda Boss rewards her telemarketers with $5 every time they make a phone call. What type of reinforcement is Belinda using?
continuous reinforcer
Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?
eating some delicious ice cream
Which of the following is an example of positive punishment?
getting spanked for running in the street
Irinia's dog loves to go for walks, and Irinia always puts a leash on him when they go out. The dog used to wag his tail as soon as they got outside, but now he wags his tail when she picks up the leash. In this case, what is the unconditioned stimulus?
going for a walk
Which is NOT a component of observational learning?
habituation
Behaviors tend to be most resistant to extinction when the reinforcement
is unpredictable.
The clown factory's bosses do not like laziness. If a worker completes fewer than 20 toys during the morning hours, they do not get to take a lunch break. This behavioral tactic is an example of
negative punishment
When a teenager gets poor grades, their father takes away their cell phone. This consequence is considered
negative punishment.
Learning
requires some relatively permanent change to occur.
Research suggests that people view their lives to be more meaningful when they make systematic connections between reliable stimuli—when they can rely on connections in their lives. What type of associative learning best explains this research?
classical conditioning.
If Coach Winner wants to use shaping successfully to teach Betsy Beginner how to serve a tennis ball, she should
reinforce Betsy for correctly tossing the ball, then for correctly swinging her racket, then for correctly hitting the ball, and finally for aiming the ball into the correct box.
As you can see from the previous examples, the clown factory's bosses use ________ to increase behaviors they like and ________ to decrease behaviors they do not like.
reinforcement; punishment
Any situation that involves learning
requires some relatively permanent change to occur.
Troy would like to teach his dog to play a toy piano. Since the dog is unlikely to spontaneously begin playing the piano, Troy first rewards his dog for going near the piano, then for touching the piano, then for pressing on one of the keys of the piano, and so on until the dog is able to play a simple tune. This process is called
shaping
Bryn adopted her cat Minnie from the local shelter. She feeds Minnie dry food, but the previous owner fed her canned food, which was kept in the refrigerator. Every time Bryn opens her refrigerator, her new cat comes running. Bryn never gives Minnie food after she opens the refrigerator, so eventually Minnie stops showing up. Once in a while, Minnie will come running when Bryn opens the refrigerator, looking to be fed. This reappearance of Minnie's old behavior is called
spontaneous recovery
Match each type of reinforcement to its example.
1. fixed-ratio - The local bakery has a rewards program where you receive a free donut after purchasing five cups of coffee. 2. variable-ratio schedule - The local bakery gives you a free donut if your coffee cup has a star sticker on the bottom. The bakery stickers 20 percent of the cups each day. 3. fixed interval schedule - The local bakery offers a free donut with your coffee every other day. 4. variable interval schedule - The local bakery offers a free donut with your coffee once a month.
Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?
All of Above
child sees her lunch box and then feels hunger pangs. In this example, the hunger pangs are a
CR
Alika is allergic to grass. Whenever he would sit on the grass, his skin would break out in hives that made him feel very itchy. Now, if you just say the word "grass" to him, he starts to feel itchy. In this example, the word "grass" is a
CS
Which of the following statements about conditioning is correct?
Classical conditioning focuses on involuntary responses, while operant conditioning focuses on voluntary behaviors.
Which of the following statements about the process of conditioning is correct?
Classical conditioning focuses on involuntary responses, while operant conditioning focuses on voluntary behaviors.
How is observational learning different from associative learning?
It relies on mental processes.
Which of the following statements about Bandura's "Bobo doll" study is FALSE?
It was conducted with adults who watched children model aggressive behavior toward an inflatable clown.
Which of the following statements about learning is true?
Learning occurs through experience.
As the manager of a new frozen yogurt store, Damon is asked to implement a rewards system that uses a fixed-ratio schedule. Which of the following should he use?
Offer reward cards that allow the customer to get their tenth frozen yogurt for free.
Robert had a serious car accident while Mozart was playing on his stereo. Now, every time Robert hears a Mozart song, he feels frightened and panicked. What is the unconditioned stimulus?
The car accident
Lesli is driving her 6-year-old daughter to ballet when another car cuts them off. Lesli lets out a string of curse words at the driver. From out of the back seat, her 6-year-old repeats the vulgar phrase. Why do you think the child has engaged in this behavior?
The child watched her mother curse in the car and is replicating her mother's behavior.
Ben is a 3-year-old child who cries when he hears a loud noise. He was very excited to meet the family's new dog, but the dog barks a lot. Now, every time Ben sees the new dog, he immediately starts crying. What is the conditioned response (CR)?
The crying
How is the neutral stimulus related to the CS?
The neutral stimulus becomes the CS once conditioning has occurred.
A supervisor comes into the workplace to check on her employees every hour and a half. An observer notices that the workers increase their work behavior about 10 minutes before the supervisor arrives and then decrease their work behavior after she leaves. What type of reinforcement schedule are the workers on?
a fixed-interval schedule
What is a neutral stimulus?
a stimulus that doesn't cause a response of interest unless it is associated with a UCS
rinia's dog loves to go for walks, and Irinia always puts a leash on him when they go out. The dog used to wag his tail as soon as they got outside, but now he wags his tail when she picks up the leash. The period of time in which the dog learned to associate the leash with walks is called
acquisition
Mara wants to draw people to her blog by awarding a $5 Amazon gift card to the 100th, 200th, 300th, etc. visitor each day. What type of schedule of reinforcement is she using?
applied behavior analysis
Classical and operant conditioning are types of
associative learning.
Rebecca is making silly faces at Grace, her 5-month-old baby girl. Soon, Grace begins to try to make silly faces back to Rebecca. This illustrates the power of ________ in observational learning.
attention
How does food in the mouth cause a dog to salivate?
by stimulating a reflexive response
Schedules of reinforcement are specific patterns that
determine when a behavior will be reinforced.
Which neurotransmitter has been shown to be most closely associated with reinforcement of behaviors?
dopamine
Roger went to his very first yoga class yesterday. When he entered the room, he noticed that everyone was taking their shoes and socks off and stacking them neatly against the wall. According to observational learning, what would you expect Roger to do?
neatly stack his shoes and socks with everyone else's
Riley lost their wallet. They hope it is somewhere in their bedroom. Riley has searched for it but hasn't found it because the room is so messy and they can't be sure it is there. If Riley stops leaving their room in a mess in the future, then losing their wallet has functioned as a
negative punishment.
To increase productivity, the clown factory decides to have a contest. The person who completes the most clowns on Monday does not have to come to work on Tuesday. The factory is using ________ as a motivator.
negative reinforcement
Horatio's mother has been nagging him for weeks to clean the garage. When he does so, his mother's nagging ceases. When she stops nagging, Horatio experiences
negative reinforcement.
Which brain structure has been shown to be related to learning through reinforcement?
nucleus accumbens
A student in your class often asks questions of your professor. You see that the professor rolls her eyes each time the student asks a question. You find that you are reluctant to ask the professor a question. What have you experienced?
observational learning
Dogs are often used in airports to detect explosive materials and narcotics. Their trainers teach them to smell out a certain substance by rewarding them with treats for correctly identifying a substance. In what type of learning are the dogs engaging?
operant conditioning
Sonia's mother is often busy and doesn't pay very much attention to her. When Sonia cries or screams, her mother comes over and scolds her. Though she doesn't like being scolded, Sonia prefers some attention to no attention at all. Sonia learns that when she wants her mother's attention, she should scream or cry. What kind of learning is this?
operant conditioning
In order for observational learning to take place, the person must
pay attention to the model's behavior
Which researcher is most often associated with observational learning?
Bandura
After Meg eats hamburger for the first time, she gets sick and vomits. The next time someone asks Meg if she wants a hamburger, she feels so nauseated she actually vomits. Meg has a
conditioned taste aversion.
Juan developed a fear of dogs after being attacked by one. His counselor helped him to overcome this fear by teaching him to relax in the presence of dogs. Eventually, Juan was no longer afraid of dogs. Which of the following processes occurred?
counterconditioning
You have trained your dog to bark on command by giving her rawhides when she is successful. However, you quit giving her the rawhides when she barks, and you find that eventually she will not bark on command. What has occurred?
extinction
Ratio schedules involve the ________ behaviors needed for a reward.
number of
The clown factory's bosses do not like mistakes. If a worker forgets to put a nose on a clown, the bosses publicly scold the worker. This behavioral tactic is an example of
positive punishment
Jake is trying to teach his dog Peach how to roll over. He first gives Peach a treat whenever Peach sits. Next, he no longer rewards Peach for sitting but rather gives Peach a treat when the dog actually lies down. Finally, Jake rewards Peach only when the dog rolls over. Jake is using ________ to train Peach to roll over.
shaping
Positive reinforcement ________ and negative reinforcement ________.
strengthens behavior by adding a stimulus; strengthens behavior by removing a stimulus
The concept of contingency in classical conditioning refers to
the ability of the conditioned stimulus to be a reliable indicator that the unconditioned stimulus is on its way.
The word conditioning refers to
the process of learning the association between two events.
Tamara normally feeds her cat canned cat food. She notices that every time she uses her electric can opener, her cat comes to the kitchen. What is the conditioned stimulus?
the sound of the electric can opener
Gavin recently went deep-sea fishing with some friends. Unfortunately, Gavin was extremely seasick the entire time he was on the boat, and now when he sees boats, he feels queasy. This is an example of
classical conditioning
Gavin recently went deep-sea fishing with some friends. Unfortunately, Gavin was extremely seasick the entire time he was on the boat, and now when he sees boats, he feels queasy. In this situation, the conditioned stimulus is the
boat
At the core of ________ is the identification of rewards that might be maintaining unwanted behaviors and the enhancement of rewards for more appropriate behaviors.
classical conditioning
james saw his coworker, Riley, talking with their boss, Simone. Riley complained that she had a "splitting headache." Simone sympathized that she, too, gets terrible migraines, and told Riley to go home early. Which of the following is most likely to occur?
james will likely tell Simone that he has a headache in the future so he might get to go home early.
janice is trying to teach her dog to heel, so she buys a choke collar. Every time the dog strains on the leash, the collar restricts around his neck. When the dog drops back to walk beside her, the collar loosens up. In theory, this should cause the dog to learn to walk beside Janice. What type of consequence does the dog experience when he strains on the leash?
positive punishment
Julie works at a factory that produces toy clowns. As the toy clowns come down the assembly line, it is Julie's job to add a red nose to each clown. Hers is the last step in completing each toy. For every 100 clowns Julie completes, she receives $10.00, which is a(n)
positive reinforcement
A bird will learn very quickly to tap a lever if it is reinforced with birdseed for doing so. Birdseed is an effective reward because it is a
primary reinforcer
Most people find that they learn better by
watching a model