Chapter 5

Paulo Freire

A global effort to mobilize education in the cause of social justice

Kindergarten

A preschool, early childhood educational environment first designed by Froebel in the mid-nineteenth century.

National Defense Education Act (NDEA)

Federally sponsored programs (1958) to improve science, math, and foreign language instruction in schools.

Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi

Recognition of special needs of the disadvantaged. Work in curricular development.

Pedagogy of the Oppressed

Written by Paulo Freire which illustrated how education could transform society

A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform

1983 federal report that characterized U.S. schools as mediocre, putting the nation at risk of losing economic and technological ground to other countries. The report called for renewed emphasis on core academic subjects and ushered in the era of "back-to-basics" education.

Academy

A classical secondary school in colonial America that emphasized elements of Latin and English grammar schools and by the nineteenth century became more of a college preparatory school. Also the name of the ancient Greek school founded by Plato.

Latin Grammar School

A classical secondary school with a Latin and Greek curriculum preparing students for college.

Separate but Equal

A legal doctrine that holds that equality of treatment is accorded when the races are provided substantially equal facilities, even though those facilities are separate. This doctrine was ruled unconstitutional in regard to race.

Land Ordinance Act

A nineteenth-century federal law that required newly settled territories to reserve a section of land for schools.

Common School

A public, tax-supported school. First established in Massachusetts, the school's purpose was to create a common basis of knowledge for children. It usually refers to a public elementary school.

McGuffey Readers

A reading series that, for almost 100 years, promoted moral and patriotic messages and set the practice of reading levels leading toward graded elementary schools.

Hornbook

A single sheet of parchment containing the Lord's Prayer and letters of the alphabet. It was protected by a thin sheath from the flattened horn of a cow and fastened to a wooden board—hence the name. It was used during the colonial era in primary schools.

Gendered Career

A term applied to the gender stereotyping of career and occupational fields. Teaching, for example, was initially gendered male, and today is gendered female, particularly at the elementary school level.

Horace Mann

Advocate for the establishment of common schools, known as elementary schools. "The Father of Public Education," Secretary of the Massachusetts State Board of Education in 1837

Kalamazoo, Michigan, Case

An 1874 U.S. Supreme Court decision that upheld the right of states to tax citizens to provide public secondary education.

Plessy v. Ferguson

An 1896 Supreme Court decision that upheld that "separate but equal" was legal and that the races could be segregated. It was overturned in 1954 by Brown v. The Board of Education of Topeka.

American Spelling Book

An early elementary textbook was written by Noah Webster that focused on the alphabet, grammar, and moral lessons.

Elementary School

An educational institution for children in grades 1 through 5, 6, or 8, often including kindergarten.

W. E. B. DuBois

Cofounder of the National Association of the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Efforts to encourage black Americans to pursue higher education.

Booker T. Washington

Contribution to vocational education of black Americans. Established the Tuskegee University.

Burrhus Frederick (B.F.) Skinner

Contributions in altering environments to promote learning.

Mary McLeod Bethune

Contributions in moving people from intellectual slavery to education

Johann Herbart

Contributions to modern development in education. Creation of a structured methodology of instruction.

Jean Piaget

Creation of a theory of cognitive development.

Sylvia Ashton-Warner

Creative approaches placing children at the center of the curriculum

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Distinguished schooling from education. Concern for stages of development.

Progressive Education

Educational practices emphasizing democracy, student needs, practical activities, and school-community relationships

Friedrich Froebel

Established kindergarten as an integral part of a child's education

Northwest Ordinance

Federal legislation that provided for the sale of federal lands in the Northwest territory to support public schools.

Kenneth Clark

Identified the crippling effects of racism on all American children and formulated community action to overcome the educational, psychological, and economic impacts of racism

Maria Montessori

Identifying the educational potential of young children and crafting an environment in which the young could learn

Prudence Crandall

Integrity and bravery in bringing education to African American girls

in loco parentis

Latin term meaning "in place of the parents"; that is, a teacher or school administrator assumes the duties and responsibilities of the parents during the hours the child attends school.

Old Deluder Satan Law

Massachusetts colony law requiring teachers in towns of fifty families or more and that schools be built in towns of one hundred families or more. Communities must teach children to read so that they can read the Bible and thwart Satan.

New England Primer

One of the first textbooks in colonial America, teaching reading and moral messages.

Emma Hart Willard

Opened the door of higher education for women Promoted professional teacher preparation

Comenius

Pioneering work in identifying developmental stages of learning and his support for universal education.

Dame Schools

Primary schools in colonial and other early periods in which students were taught by untrained women in the women's homes.

Benjamin Franklin

Proposals Relating to the Youth of Pennsylvania suggested a new kind of secondary school to replace the Latin Grammar School. Established the Franklin Academy that offered elective courses.

Tenth Amendment

The Constitutional Amendment that establishes that areas not specifically mentioned in the Constitution as federal responsibilities are left to state authority. Since education is not mentioned, the easy state is free to create its own school system.

English Classic School

The first free public high school, established in Boston in 1821. The school initially enrolled only boys.

de jure segregation

The segregation of racial or other groups on the basis of law, policy, or a practice designed to accomplish such separation.

De facto (unofficial) segregation

The segregation of racial or other groups resulting from circumstances, such as housing patterns, rather than from official policy or law.

Second Generation Segregation

The separation of a school's multiracial populations through tracking, extracurricular activities, and informal social events.

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

U.S. Supreme Court ruling that reversed an earlier "separate but equal" ruling and declared that segregated schooling was inherently unequal and therefore unlawful.

Thomas Jefferson

Wanted education to be more widely available to white children from all economic and social classes at the expense of the government.

John Dewey

Work in developing progressive education. Incorporated democratic practices into the educational process.

Normal Schools

a two-year teacher education institution popular in the 19th century. many normal schools were expanded to become today's state colleges and universities.