Chapter 5
The basal metabolic rate is the rate at which an animal expends energy to stay alive when at rest. What does this graph indicate about basal metabolic rate? The dashed line represents a direct linear relationship, whereas the solid line represents the actual relationship between body weight and basal metabolic rate. Large animals have slower growth rates than smaller animals. Large animals have higher basal metabolic rates than small animals. Large animals are more likely to eat meat to obtain more calories. Large animals use less energy per unit of body weight.
*Correct*: "The fact that the solid line curves indicates that larger animals use relatively less energy per unit of body weight." Large animals have higher basal metabolic rates than small animals. "An animal's basal metabolic rate is the energy needed to regulate essential body functions. Energy is also needed to sustain growth, development, and reproduction." *NOT CORRECT*: Large animals have slower growth rates than smaller animals. "The chart does not indicate differences in growth rates between large and small animals. Infants and juveniles of animals of all sizes require more energy than adults when at rest because they are constantly growing." Large animals are more likely to eat meat to obtain more calories. "Gorillas are some of the largest primates and are herbivores."
Which of the following is true regarding predation of primates? It is unclear how often primates are preyed upon in the wild. The lack of evidence of predation is because primates are not preyed upon. Primates' use of tools frightens away predators. The best estimate of predation rate of primates is 50%.
*Correct*: It is unclear how often primates are preyed upon in the wild. "Despite indirect evidence, there is no clear understanding of how frequently primates are preyed upon." *NOT CORRECT*: The lack of evidence of predation is because primates are not preyed upon. "There is indirect evidence of primate predation, such as primate remains found in association with predators." Primates' use of tools frightens away predators. "Although primates use a variety of methods to frighten away predators, the use of tools is not one of them." The best estimate of predation rate of primates is 50%. "There are a variety of estimates regarding the predation rate of primates; however, they tend to fall between 1% and 15%."
Primates are hunted by many predators, such as lions, pythons, eagles, leopards, and others. In response, primates have developed various responses for defense against predation. Identify the defensive strategies that have been observed in primates. Turn to humans for protection Give alarm calls Associate with members of other primate species Flee or take Cover
*Defensive Strategy* Observed in Primates: Give alarm calls "Many primates give alarm calls to warn others about the presence of a predator. Some species even have specific calls for different predators." Flee or take Cover "For many primate species, fleeing or taking cover is the most common response to predators." Associate with members of other primate species "Associating with members of other species allows primates to increase their group size without increasing levels of competition. Groups of red colobus monkeys and groups of Diana monkeys frequently associate with each other to enhance predator detection." *NOT a Defensive Strategy* Observed in Primates: Turn to humans for protection "Humans are one of the main threats to primates. Humans hunt primates for bushmeat, kill primates while taking others into captivity for trade, and destroy primate habitat for agricultural and other industrial activities."
Match the characteristic to the correct suborder (haplorrhine or strepsirrhine) of primates. Well-developed sense of smell Large, complex social groups Large Brains Large Eyes Longer life spans Independently moveable ears
*Haplorrhine*: Large, complex social groups "Large, complex social groups are just one of the more complex behaviors that haplorrhines are adapted to." Large Brains "Larger brains have evolved in diurnal haplorrhines as has more complex behavior." Longer life spans "Haplorrhines tend to have longer life spans." *Strepsirrhine*: Well-developed sense of smell "Highly developed sense of smell is one adaptation of strepsirrhines to living in darkness." Large Eyes "Large eyes adapted to night vision are an adaptation of nocturnal strepsirrhines to living in darkness." Independently moveable ears "Their unique ears are important for the nocturnal strepsirrhines to hear in the darkness."
Match the traits that generally characterize either hylobatids or hominins. Strictly Arboreal Larger Body Size Arboreal and Terrestrial Varied Social Organization or Social Systems Pair-Bonded Social Groups Smaller Body Size
*Hominins*: Larger Body Size "Hominins, such as gorillas, are also known as the great apes because they tend to have larger body sizes." Arboreal and Terrestrial "Because some of the hominins are very large, they spend a lot of time on the ground. Hylobatids all live in heavily forested areas and spend little time on the ground." Varied Social Organization or Social Systems "Hylobatids all have the same social group organization, pair bonding, whereas hominins do not." *Hylobatids*: Strictly Arboreal "The hylobatids are small so they can move almost anywhere in the canopy in the heavily forested areas of Asia, so they rarely need to come to the ground." Pair-Bonded Social Groups "All hylobatids are pair bonded." Smaller Body Size "Hylobatids are also known as lesser apes owing to their smaller average body size than the hominins."
The following image depicts a tarsier eating from its primary food group. Drag the dietary term that best describes it to the image. Folivore Frugivore Gummivore Insectivore
Insectivore "Tarsiers are insectivores—like other small-bodied primates, they depend most heavily on high-quality resources like insects for survival. This tarsier is holding a grasshopper."
The images below (Page 120, Figure 5.10) show a variety of haplorrhines and strepsirrhines. Click only the images of haplorrhines. Muriqui Galago Lemur Baboon
Muriqui Baboon
Which of the following primate groups belong to strepsirrhines? Which belong to haplorrhines? Drag the primate family to the appropriate group. Primate Groups: Hominidae Hylobatidae Tarsiidae Lorisidae Galagidae Lemuridae Cercopithecidae Cebidae
Page 115 (Table 5.2): *Strepsirrhines*: Lorisidae Galagidae Lemuridae *Haplorrhines*: Hominidae Hylobatidae Tarsiidae Cercopithecidae Cebidae
The images below depict different types of primate social groups (Page 136, Figure 5.31). Larger symbols are adults, smaller symbols represent their offspring. Drag and drop the appropriate term for each type of social group on to the image below. Terms: Pair-Bonded Polyandry Solitary One-Male, Multi-Female Multi-Male, Multi-Female
Pair-Bonded In pair-bonded groups, an adult male, an adult female, and their offspring form the social unit. Solitary "Solitary groups involve a single individual in the case of males or, in the case of females, one female with her dependent offspring." Polyandry "In polyandrous groups, a single adult female and two or more adult males, plus their offspring, form the social unit." One-Male, Multi-Female "Polygynous one-male multifemale groups include one adult male, multiple adult females, and their offspring." Multi-Male, Multi-Female (Polygynandry) "Multimale, multifemale groups include numerous males and females of all different ages." *Summary:* "Gorillas are an example of a primate that forms polygynous one-male, multifemale groups; callitrichids are known for having polyandrous groups. Gibbons are pair-bonded; orangutans are often solitary. Chimpanzees are an example of a primate that has multimale, multifemale groups."
The map shown here depicts the distribution of living and fossil primates worldwide. Based on this map, what can you conclude about where primates live? Fossil primates were found in more equatorial areas than living primates. Primates do not live in the wild in Australia. Living primates inhabit a much wider region than their fossil ancestors. Both living and fossil primates ranged widely in Asia.
Primates do not live in the wild in Australia. "No living or fossil nonhuman primate has ever inhabited Australia (in the wild)."
Catarrhines have a _____ dental formula and are generally _____ than platyrrhines. Prehensile tails are only found in _____ species. a. platyrrhine b. 2.1.3.3 c. smaller d. 2.1.2.3 e. catarrhine f. larger
Catarrhines have a *d. 2.1.2.3* dental formula and are generally *f. larger* than platyrrhines. Prehensile tails are only found in *a. platyrrhine* species.
About one-third of all primate species are now threatened in the wild. True or False?
False "Nearly half of all primate species are now threatened in the wild."
The image below shows the different dentitions and digestive tracts associated with various dietary specializations observed among primates. Match the dentitions and digestive tracts with the corresponding diet by dragging the dietary terms to the correct locations on the image (Page 117, Figure 5.7). Folivore Frugivore Insectivore Gummivore
Frugivore "Frugivores have flatter, rounded cusps on the molars to crush food; their digestive systems are relatively simple." Folivore "Folivorous primates have high shearing crests on their molars to shred the vegetation. Their guts usually have highly specialized systems, such as a large cecum, a complex stomach, or an enlarged large intestine, to deal with large quantities of cellulose. This varies across species." Gummivore "Primates that rely on gum usually have large, prominent incisors to gouge holes in trees; their digestive tracts have a long cecum." Insectivore "Insectivores have high, pointed cusps on their molars to puncture and crush insects as well as a short, simple gut that is specialized for absorption of this high-protein food."
Below is a map of the world (Page 114, Figure 5.5). Drag and drop each primate to the geographical region it inhabits. Primates: Ring-Tailed Lemur Howler Monkey Orangutan Gorilla
Howler Monkey --> South and Central America Ring-Tailed Lemur --> Madagascar "Ring-tailed lemurs are found on the island of Madagascar and the Comoro Islands." Oranguatan --> Asia "Orangutans are found in far Southeast Asia in Sumatra and Borneo." Gorilla --> Africa Summary: "Orangutans, one of the great apes, are found on the Southeast Asian islands of Sumatra and Borneo, while gorillas, another great ape, are found in Africa. Ring-tailed lemurs, like all lemurs, are only found on the island of Madagascar and the Comoro Islands off the southeastern coast of Africa. Since howler monkeys are New World monkeys, they are found in South America."
Territoriality among primates is usually a function of defending resources and mates. True or False?
True "Territorial primates prevent outsiders from accessing important resources, including mates."
While watching TV with your mom, you see an advertisement for a show depicting polygyny. Your mom says that polygyny isn't natural. What evidence do you give your mom that her statement is false? a. Polygyny among primates is associated with the unnatural practice of infanticide. b. Anthropologists agree that polygyny is a valid social organization for apes, but not for humans. c. One-male, multifemale groups are quite common as a system of social organization in primate species. d. Males and females in polygynous systems are not very sexually dimorphic and generally have equal social status.
c. One-male, multifemale groups are quite common as a system of social organization in primate species. "One-male, multifemale social groups are very common among primates and the term "polygyny" is often used as a shorthand describing the mating system in these groups."
