chapter 5 bio 150
A shortage of phosphorus in the soil would make it especially difficult for a plant to manufacture __________.
DNA
The flow of genetic information in a cell goes from _____
DNA to RNA to protein
Which is the term for compounds that do not mix with water?
Hydrophobic
The sex hormones estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone belong to which class of molecules?
Lipids
Generally, animals cannot digest (hydrolyze) the glycosidic linkages between the glucose molecules in cellulose. How then do cows get enough nutrients from eating grass?
Microorganisms in their digestive tracts hydrolyze the cellulose to individual glucose units.
The building blocks ( monomers) of nucleic acid molecules are called __________
Nucleotides
A hydrophobic amino acid R group (side group) would be found where in a properly folded protein?
On the inside of the folded chain, away from water molecules
Sugars are molecules that have __________ C:H:O and are called __________.
a 1:2:1 ratio of; carbohydrates
The peptide bond is __________.
a covalent bond joining amino acids together to form a polypeptide
The components of nucleic acids are __________.
a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate
Sickle-cell anemia is a disease that is caused by __________ in the __________ of the protein
a single amino acid change; primary structure
Nitrogenous bases are classified as either purines or pyrimidines. Examples of purines are __________.
adenine and guanine
Protein molecules are polymers (chains) of __________.
amino acid molecules
Sugars have a(n) __________ group that interacts with a _________ group that forms ring structures when the dry molecule is placed in water.
carbonyl (-C=O); hydroxyl (-OH)
Plant cell walls consist mainly of __________.
cellulose
At a conference, the speaker's grand finale was sautéing mealworms (insect larvae) in butter and serving them to the audience. They were crunchy (like popcorn hulls) because their exoskeletons contain the polysaccharide __________.
chitin
The molecule with four fused rings that is found in animal membranes and is the precursor of vertebrate sex hormones is __________.
cholesterol
When comparing saturated and naturally occurring unsaturated fats, the unsaturated fats have __________ and are __________ at room temperature.
cis double bonds; liquids
Palm coconut oils are more like animal fats than other plant oils. Because they __________ than other plant oils, they may contribute to cardiovascular disease.
contain fewer double bonds
The type of bond that forms to join monomers (such as sugars and amino acids) into polymers (such as starch and proteins) is a(n) __________ bond.
covalent
In living organisms, DNA exists as a __________ with the strand(s) __________.
double helix; running antiparallel
Carbohydrates are used in our bodies mainly for __________.
energy storage and release
A polysaccharide that is used for storing energy in human muscle and liver cells is __________.
glycogen
Sucrose is formed when glucose is joined to fructose by a(n) _____
glycosidic linkage
The subunits (monomers) in cellulose are linked together by __________.
glycosidic linkages
The secondary structure of a peptide backbone is stabilized by __________ forming either a(n) __________ or a(n) __________.
hydrogen bonds; α helix; β pleated sheet
The proper three-dimensional shape and folding of a protein is assisted by _________.
molecules called chaperonins
The characteristic that all lipids have in common is __________
none of them dissolves in water
The tertiary structure of a protein includes all of the following interactions except _________ bonds
peptide
The lipids that form the main structural component of cell membranes are __________.
phospholipids
The sequence of amino acids in a protein is called the __________ structure of the protein.
primary
The four main categories of large biological molecules present in living systems are __________
proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids
Some regions of a polypeptide may coil or fold back on themselves. This folding is called __________, and the coils or folds are held in place by __________
secondary structure, hydrogen bonds
One characteristic shared by sucrose, lactose, and maltose is that __________.
they are all disaccharides
Macromolecules, the molecules of life, include all of the following except __________.
trace elements
In a dehydration synthesis reaction, __________ is always formed as a by-product of the reaction
water
A dehydration reaction (or condensation reaction) is the process in which __________. View Available Hint(s)
water molecules are produced as a polymer formed from monomers
Which type of protein shields a newly forming protein from cytoplasmic influences while it is folding into its functional form?
Chaperonins
Which of the following is a polymer
Cellulose, a plant cell wall component
