Chapter 5: Client Based Nutrition Services

What is aerobic exercise?

"Cardio"- exercise that requires pumping of oxygenated blood by the heart to deliver oxygen to working muscles

What are the 3 main focuses of the Law of Thermodynamics?

- Caloric Surplus = Weight gain & energy storage - Caloric Deficit = Weight loss & removal - Caloric Maintenance = Weight maintenance

What are Stability Ball Hamstring Curls?

- Hamstring workout that utilizes the use of a ball and the core. - Primary Movers: Hamstrings, Glutes, Hips, & Core

A client's nutritional habits affect what 5 things of the human body?

- Health - Energy Levels - Performance - Recovery - Body Composition

What are the 4 variable of Marginal Nutrient Deficiency?

- Low Calorie Intake - Personal Food Preferences - Vary Nutrient Levels - Low Sun Exposure

What are Stability Ball Dumbbell Rows?

- Upper extremity back workout the utilizes the use of a ball and the core to help with stabilization. - Primary Movers: Back, Core, & Glutes

When coaching a client on vitamin and mineral supplemenation, it is advised that you educate your client ____________.

...to consume a healthy balanced diet to obtain the necessary vitamins and minerals

When coaching your client on hydration, the DRI for water is approximately ______ liters for women and ______ liters for men.

2.7 women 3.7 men

How much adults use dietary supplements?

2/3 of adults

According to the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institutes of Medicine, adults 19 years and older shoud consume ______ of their calories from fat.

20%-35%

The Food and Nutrition Board of the Institutes of Medicine recommends that adults consume _______ of their total calories from carbohydrates, primarily as complex carbohydrates and whole grains.

45%-65%

What is the CGMP?

A practice ensuring supplements are tested true to the product's label.

(TERMS) Recommendations for intake of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR)

(TERMS) An important molecule in metabolism that is formed as an intermediate in the oxidation of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. After glucose has become pyruvate, and if there is enough oxygen available, it enters the mitochondria for aerobic metabolism and becomes acetyl CoA.

Acetyl-CoA

(TERMS) Energy storage and transfer unit within the cells of the body.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

(TERMS) Estimated amount of a nutrient per day consumed by people assumed to be maintaining adequate nutrition.

Adequate Intake (AI)

(TERMS) One of the main types of connective tissue where fat is stored.

Adipose Tissue

(TERMS) Chemical reactions in the body that require the presence of oxygen to extract energy from carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids.

Aerobic Metabolism

(TERMS) A mixture of amino acids available in the cell derived from dietary sources or the degradation of protein.

Amino Acid Pool

(TERMS) The building blocks of proteins; composed of a central carbon atom, a hydrogen atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group, and an R-group.

Amino Acids

(TERMS) A metabolic process that builds molecules.

Anabolism

(TERMS) Chemical reactions in the body that do not require the presence of oxygen to create energy through the combustion of carbohydrates.

Anaerobic Metabolism

(TERMS) Conditionally essential amino acid that the body can normally synthesize in sufficient amounts; however, in some disorders the body cannot make enough, and it becomes essential.

Arginine

**INTRODUCTION**

As fitness encompasses more than just correct movement and the functions of the body, nutrition is an equally important aspect of a person's health. Nutrition is an evolving and quickly changing science. As new research is conducted, new information provides fresh insights which may influence the work you do as a fitness professional. This module will provide you the basic knowledge related to nutrition to better inform discussions with clients and to benefit your own health and wellbeing.

(TERMS) The basic, and smallest, unit of a chemical element.

Atom

(TERMS) The breakdown of triglycerides into smaller subunits called free fatty acids (FFAs) to convert FFAs into actyl-CoA molecules, which are then available to enter the Krebs cycle and ultimately lead to the production of additional ATP.

Beta-oxidation

What is the recommended daily protein intake for endurance athletes?

Between 1.2-1.4 grams of protein per kg/lb of body weight.

(KC) Metabolism 1/1

Bioenergetics: The process by which our bodies convert food to energy is vital to understand. Each macronutrient is used differently for energy, and, depending on the intensity and duration of a physical activity, our bodies will produce and use energy in different ways. Knowing how our bodies convert the food we eat into energy, store that energy, and subsequently use it will help the fitness professional to better understand the effects exercise has on the human body.

(TERMS) Also referred to as "blood sugar"; the sugar that is transported in the body to supply energy to the body's cells, including fueling the brain and other cells in the body that cannot use fat as a fuel.

Blood Glucose

(TERMS) Essential amino acids, including leucine, isoleucine, and valine, that can be used for energy directly in the muscle and do not have to go to the liver to be broken down during exercise.

Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs)

(TERMS) A scientific unit of energy.

Calorie

(TERMS) The skeletal structure of an organic compound; it is the series of atoms bonded together that form the essential structure of the compound.

Carbon Skeleton

(TERMS) A carbon atom joined to a hydroxyl group by a single bond and to an oxygen atom by a double bond.

Carboxyl Group (-COOH)

(TERMS) Protein commonly found in mammalian milk.

Casein

(TERMS) A metabolic process that breaks down molecules.

Catabolism

(TERMS) Federal agency that conducts and supports activities related to public health.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

(TERMS) Energy contained in a molecule that has not yet been released in carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

Chemical Energy

(TERMS) A persistent disease lasting 3 months or longer.

Chronic Disease

(TERMS) Consuming two or more incomplete proteins together to provide needed amino acids.

Complementary Proteins

(TERMS) A protein that provides all of the essential amino acids in the amount the body needs and is also easy to digest and absorb; also called a high-quality protein.

Complete Protein

(TERMS) A carbohydrate with more than 10 carbon/water units. Includes the fiber and starch found in whole grains and vegetables.

Complex Carbohydrate

(TERMS) Nonessential amino acids that cannot be produced due to disease, and as a result must be acquired in dietary sources.

Conditionally Essential Amino Acids

(TERMS) Compound made in the body but that can also be consumed in the diet, mostly from meat and fish. Involved in the supply of energy for muscular contraction.

Creatine

What does CGMP mean?

Current Good Manufacturing Practices

(TERMS) Guide to nutrients found within one serving of food.

Daily Value

(TERMS) The first step in the breakdown of amino acids; it includes the removal of the nitrogen group

Deamination

What is a visable sign that your client might be dehydrated?

Delirium

(TERMS) A general term for a set of reference values used to plan and assess nutrient intakes of healthy individuals.

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)

What does DRI in relation to water mean?

Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are quantitative estimates of nutrient intakes to be used for planning and assessing diets for healthy people.

(TERMS) Recommended intakes for specific nutrients.

Dietary Standards

(TERMS) Act that defines and regulates dietary supplements; enacted by Congress following public debate concerning the role of dietary supplements in promoting health.

Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA)

Within your scope of practice you are only allowed to do what when it comes to dietary supplements?

Educate them based off credible resources. Always recommend that they see their primary care physician before taking any type of dietary supplements.

(TERMS) Minerals in blood and other body fluids that carry an electrical charge.

Electrolytes

(TERMS) A series of compounds that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors, generating ATP in the process.

Electron Transport Chain

(TERMS) Calories that provide little or no nutrients.

Empty Calories

(TERMS) The ability of a fat to mix with water.

Emulsification

(TERMS) Supplements used to benefit athletic performance or exercise.

Ergogenic Aids

(TERMS) Amino acids that cannot be produced by the body and must be acquired by food.

Essential Amino Acids

Which of the following amino acids cannot be produced by the body and must be provided by food?

Essential Amino Acids

(TERMS) Estimated amount of a nutrient per day at which the needs of 50% of the population will be met.

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

(TERMS) General recommendation for calorie intake based on formulas designed to include individual characteristics such as age, gender, height, weight, and level of physical activity.

Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)

(TERMS) Total body mass, without the fat. It is the lean or nonfat components of the body.

Fat-Free Mass (FFM)

(TERMS) A chain of carbons linked or bonded together, and the building blocks of fat within the human body.

Fatty Acid

(TERMS) Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only transferred from one form to another.

First Law of Thermodynamics

(TERMS) A redox cofactor, more specifically a prosthetic group, involved in several important metabolic reactions.

Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)

(KC) Food Labels & Government Nutrition Guidelines 1/1

Food Intake Recommendations: Since it is out of the scope of practice for fitness professionals to prescribe diets to clients, many resources for nutritional guidelines exist that can be recommended; specifically, the US government publishes guidelines that all individuals can follow to eat healthy. Furthermore, it is essential to know how to decipher food labels in order to best choose which foods to consume.

(TERMS) Known as fruit sugar; found in fruits, honey, syrups, and certain vegetables.

Fructose

(TERMS) Combines with glucose in lactose.

Galactose

(TERMS) Formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids.

Glucogenesis

(TERMS) A simple sugar manufactured by the body from carbohydrates, fat, and (to a lesser extent) protein that serves as the body's main source of fuel.

Glucose

(TERMS) A simple polyol (sugar alcohol) compound. It is a colorless, odorless, viscous liquid. The glycerol backbone is central to all lipids known as triglycerides.

Glycerol

(TERMS) A complex carbohydrate that is stored in the liver and muscle cells. When carbohydrate energy is needed, glycogen is converted into glucose for use by the muscle cells.

Glycogen

(TERMS) A catabolic process that breaks down glucose to a usable form of energy, ATP.

Glycolysis

(TERMS) A metabolite of the essential amino acid leucine that is synthesized in the human body. Used as a supplement to increase muscle mass and decrease muscle breakdown.

HMB (Beta-Hydroxy Beta-Methylbutyrate)

(TERMS) A sweetener made from cornstarch and converted to fructose in food processing.

High-Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS)

(TERMS) A protein that provides all of the essential amino acids in the amount the body needs and is also easy to digest and absorb; also called a complete protein.

High-Quality Protein

(KC) Water 1/1

Hydration: Since a majority of the human body is made up of water, it is necessary to maintain proper hydration. To keep clients safe during exercise, fitness professionals need to understand how we lose and gain water, in order to maintain a healthy water balance. It will be important to know how to monitor a client's hydration status as well as the role electrolytes play in cellular function, because if hydration or electrolyte concentration falls out of balance, it can put an individual at a severe risk for injury, illness, or even death. Due to this high level of importance, considerable research has led to recommended intakes for men and women depending on their respective activity levels.

(TERMS) Loss of significant amounts of potassium, resulting in weakness, fatigue, constipation, and muscle cramping.

Hypokalemia

(TERMS) Loss of significant amounts of sodium, resulting in an increase in the body's water levels.

Hyponatremia

(TERMS) Food that does not contain all of the essential amino acids in the amount needed by the body.

Incomplete Protein

(KC) The Science Behind Weight Loss & Weight Gain 1/2

Informed Dieting: Popular media is littered with a myriad of diets, all claiming to be the latest and greatest program. In 2013 the weight loss market generated $66 billion in North America alone. Fitness professionals will need to know which diets work, and which ones to avoid. The most important aspect will be to inform clients that long-term weight loss results are achieved with a balanced, healthy diet, and increased levels of activity and exercise so more calories are burned throughout the day than are consumed.

(TERMS) Water lost through mild daily sweating and exhalation of air humidified by the lungs, as well as other minor water losses, such as secretions from the eyes, that generally go unnoticed.

Insensible Water Loss

(TERMS) Two molecules, acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate, that are synthesized in the liver from acetyl-CoA.

Ketone Bodies

(TERMS) A unit of energy equal to 1,000 calories. It is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a kilogram or liter of water by 1 degree Celsius.

Kilocalorie

(TERMS) Central metabolic pathway in all aerobic organisms. The cycle is a series of eight reactions that occur in the mitochondrion. These reactions take a two-carbon molecule (acetate) and completely oxidize it to carbon dioxide.

Krebs Cycle

(TERMS) A byproduct of anaerobic metabolism that occurs when oxygen delivery to the working muscles cannot meet the demands of the tissue.

Lactate

(TERMS) A sugar present in milk that is composed of glucose and galactose.

Lactose

(TERMS) A group of compounds that includes triglycerides (fats and oils), phospholipids, and sterols.

Lipids

(TERMS) The metabolic pathway responsible for formation of fat.

Lipogenesis

(TERMS) The molecule that carries lipids throughout the body and delivers cholesterol that can accumulate on artery walls.

Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)

(TERMS) Nutrients that provide calories.

Macronutrients

(KC) Introduction to Fitness-Based Nutrition 1/1

Macronutrients: Carbohydrates, protein, and fat are all required by the human body to function. However, the quality and value of these macronutrients can vary quite a bit depending on the where they are obtained from. The structure and function of these essential components of all people's diets will be explored, as well as intake recommendations and the healthiest options to consume.

(TERMS) Sugar produced in the breakdown of starch. Rare in our food supply.

Maltose

(TERMS) A series of chemical steps or reactions that either break down or build up compounds in the body.

Metabolic Pathway

(TERMS) All of the chemical reactions that occur in the body that are required for life. It is the process by which nutrients are acquired, transported, used, and disposed of by the body.

Metabolism

(TERMS) An alkyl derived from methane that has one carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms.

Methyl Group (-CH3)

(TERMS) Organelle found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that contains genetic material and enzymes necessary for cell metabolism, converting food to energy.

Mitochondria

(TERMS) A coenzyme found in all living cells that is a carrier in the electron transport chain.

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)

Can you customize meal plans and recommend dietary supplements?

No, it is beyond your scope of practice.

(TERMS) Amino acids that are produced by the body and do not need to be consumed in dietary sources.

Nonessential Amino Acids

(TERMS) The nutrient content of a food relative to its calories.

Nutrient Density

**CHAPTER 5 OVERVIEW**

Nutrition is a highly important aspect of any person's health and fitness. It is, however, vitally important for fitness professionals to remain within their scope of practice when it comes to nutrition advice for their clients. While that scope of practice is limited to general advice on eating healthy to support a variety of fitness goals (with actual diet prescription reserved for licensed professionals such as registered dieticians), a deeper understanding of nutritional concepts will greatly benefit fitness professionals. Things such as bioenergetics—or how our bodies use food as fuel for energy production—the macro- and micro-nutrients and the roles they each play in our diets, water and electrolytes and their functions for hydration, and supplementation guidelines are necessary concepts to understand the importance of nutrition in relation to fitness. As weight loss is one of the chief concerns within the fitness industry today, clients will undoubtedly have questions regarding proper nutrition to support achievement of their goals. When the fitness professional understands the deeper concepts of nutrition, it will be much easier to navigate those discussions, accurately communicate government nutrition guidelines, make sense of food labels, and enhance one's own health and well-being.

(TERMS) Fatty acids that have anti-inflammatory effects and help to decrease blood clotting.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids

(TERMS) Fatty acids that promote blood clotting and cell membrane formation.

Omega-6 Fatty Acids

(TERMS) A crystalline organic compound that is a metabolic intermediate in many metabolic processes.

Oxaloacetate (OAA)

Which is an example of a complex carbohydrate that is considered a starch?

Peas

(TERMS) Type of lipid in which one fatty acid has been replaced by a phosphate group and one of several nitrogen-containing molecules.

Phospholipid

(TERMS) Biologically active compounds found in plants.

Phytochemicals

(TERMS) Fatty acids that have several spots where hydrogens are missing.

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

(TERMS) Long chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Serve several essential functional roles in the body.

Protein

(TERMS) An anabolic process that results in the building of muscle.

Protein Synthesis

(TERMS) A byproduct of anaerobic glycolysis that is an intermediate in several metabolic pathways.

Pyruvate

(TERMS) Estimated amount of a nutrient per day considered necessary for good health.

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

(TERMS) A chain of carbons that is saturated with all of the hydrogens that it can hold; there are no double bonds.

Saturated Fat

Cueing 5.1: Stability Ball Hamstring Curls

Setting Up: Have client lay down with upper body flat on the ground with arms out pronated in a V position. This will help maintain stability in the upper part of the body during the exercise. Starting Position: During the starting position, the body must be straight with anterior part of body in a neutral position. Cue client if their hips and core fall back. Ask client to squeeze upper back to keep chest up and extend hips and tighten core to keep hips straight in line. Top Position: During the curling position at the very top, watch client's hip to see if it is sinked in or not. If so, have client extend their hips up into a bridging position. Top Position Cue #1: When rolling back out make sure client maintains that neutral position. Be wary of the feet as it may turn out. Just use your hands as a visual during the exercise to help the client put their feet back into proper position.

Cueing 5.2: Stability Ball Dumbbell Rows

Setting Up: Make sure there is some sort of resistance where the feet are, use a bench or a wall. Have the client abdomen area and hip on the ball with light weights ready. Starting Position: During the starting position, client's body must be in neutral spine with head looking or down. Cue using your fingers of a point of interest and have them follow your fingers until their head is in the down position. Starting Position Cue #1: Before starting the row, make sure client locks the quads and squeezes their glutes ensuring a ready stabilized position. Have the client perform a few reps of the row before making any adjustments. Starting Position Cue #2: Any angle form of row will be useful, just ask for their preference. Transverse plane will focus more on the rear deltoids, while the sagittal plane will have more latissimus dorsi focus. Top Position: At the top of the workout during the row, focus more on the client if they try to force their arms back or if they're actually squeezing and retracting the shoulder blades. Forcing their arms back will take away from the actual exercise so cue them into squeezing their shoulder blades. Top Position Cue #1: At the bottom of the workout, make sure the client does not drop their weights on the ground or have it touch the ground.

What is anaerobic exercise?

Short duration, high intensity exercise lasting anywhere from merely seconds up to around two minutes. Targets fast twitch fibers.

(TERMS) A carbohydrate with fewer than 10 carbon/water units. Includes glucose, sucrose, lactose, galactose, maltose, and fructose.

Simple Carbohydrate

(TERMS) A subgroup of the steroids and an important class of organic molecules.

Sterois

(KC) The Science Behind Weight Loss & Weight Gain 2/2

Strategies for Better Eating: All people need to eat, but how, when, and why food is consumed can greatly alter how our bodies respond to it. Eating habits greatly contribute to weight loss and weight gain, so fitness professionals will need the ability to coach clients on strategies that will help them eat healthier to be more successful in their weight loss goals.

(TERMS) Often referred to as table sugar, it is a molecule made up of glucose and fructose.

Sucrose

(KC) Foundations of Supplementation Concepts 1/1

Supplement Types: Before taking a supplement, it is essential to know what it is and how it will affect the body. There are countless supplements on the market today, but far less scientific research and data to support many of them. Supplements are not regulated by the government in the same way that medicine is; however, there are many supplements that can add value to a fitness program. As clients are sure to ask about what they should or should not take, the fitness professional should be familiar with the safest options to best inform the discussions that will take place.

**EXAM HIGHLIGHT**

The two most important concepts to understand for the certification exam are bioenergetics and macronutrients. How the body converts carbohydrates, proteins, and fats to energy, and then stores and uses that energy, is of high importance. Specifically, a detailed knowledge of the pathways for ATP-PC, glycolysis, and oxidative metabolic processes will be needed. To best inform future clients, standard recommendations for macronutrient intakes should be known as well. Other high-level nutritional concepts will be covered, such as hydration and electrolyte recommendations, but the important things to focus on are the ones that remain within the fitness professional's scope of practice. Knowledge of how to translate government intake recommendations and food labels should be solidified, as well as a base of understanding for the safest forms of supplementation.

(TERMS) Highest level of a nutrient per day that is unlikely to pose a risk of adverse health effects.

Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)

(TERMS) The degree to which a substance can cause damage to an organism.

Toxicity

(TERMS) Another term for the Krebs cycle. A tricarboxylic acid is an organic carboxylic acid whose chemical structure contains three carboxyl functional groups (- COOH). The best-known example of a tricarboxylic acid is citric acid.

Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle

(TERMS) The chemical or substrate form in which most fat exists in food as well as in the body.

Triglyceride

(TERMS) Fatty acids that have areas that are not completely saturated with hydrogens, and therefore have double bonds where the hydrogen is missing.

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Which vitamin is necessary for normal blood clotting and bone strength?

Vitamin K

(TERMS) A mixture of globular proteins isolated from whey, the liquid material created as a byproduct of cheese production.

Whey Protein

(TERMS) Dietary supplement obtained by removal of sufficient nonprotein constituents from pasteurized whey.

Whey Protein Concentrate (WPC)

(TERMS) Dietary supplement obtained by separating components from milk.

Whey Protein Isolate (WPI)

What occurs when prolonged, intense exercises lasts longer than 60-90 minutes? a. The majority of muscle glycogen stores are depleted . b. The amount of stored adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the body increases. c. The oxidation of proteins predominates as the primary energy source. d. The amount of available fuel for exercise from fats becomes limited.

a. The majority of muscle glycogen stores are depleted.

During glycolysis, in the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted into an important molecule in metabolism called _____. a. acetyl coenzyme A b. propionyl coenzyme A c. glucose-6-phosphate d. adenosine diphosphate

a. acetyl coenzyme A

A protein is made of _____ that are linked together. a. amino acids b. nucleotides c. fatty acids d. glycerols

a. amino acids

Which of the following supplements is one of the most widely used drugs in the world? a. BCAA b. Caffeine c. Creatine d. HMB

b. Caffeine

What are carbohydrates eventually broken down into in the human body? a. Glycerol b. Glucose c. Lactic acid d. Cholesterol

b. Glucose

Identify a true statement about glycogen. a. It is the chemical or substrate form in which most fat exist. b. It is a complex carbohydrate that can be rapidly broken down into glucose. c. It is used by the body during short-duration, low-intensity activities. d. It is a form of glucose stored predominantly in the epidermal cells.

b. It is a complex carbohydrate that can be rapidly broken down into glucose.

In which of the following scenarios would energy be mostly derived from anaerobic metabolism? a. When an athlete reduces the duration of an activity b. When an athlete begins an activity c. When an athlete experiences temporary fatigue d. When an athlete is in a steady state or at rest

b. When an athlete begins an activity

The acceptable range of consumption for _____ intake for an adult is 45 to 65 percent of total caloric intake. a. protein b. carbohydrate c. fat d. nucleic acid

b. carbohydrate

There are _____ essential amino acids in the body. a. twelve b. eight c. ten d. fifteen

b. eight

Dietary supplements are substances that: a. can be used as the only item of a meal or a diet. b. supplement daily dietary intake. c. include dietary items that are approved as a drug or biologic. d. can be represented for use as a conventional food.

b. supplement daily dietary intake.

_____ is a supplement compound that is made in the body but can also be consumed in the diet from meat and fish. a. Gestrinone b. Darbepoietin c. Creatine d. Triamterene

c. Creatine

Identify an effect of dehydration. a. Increased sodium excretion b. Decreased core temperature c. Rapid heartbeat d. Decreased use of muscle glycogen

c. Rapid Heartbeat

Moderate to high caffeine doses of about _____ per kg body weight ingested about one hour before exercise can increase endurance exercise performance. a. one mg b. two to four mg c. five to thirteen mg d. thirteen to fifteen mg

c. five to thirteen mg

One gram of carbohydrate yields _____ calories. a. six b. two c. four d. three

c. four

A unit of expression of energy that is equal to 1,000 calories is called a _____ a. microcalorie b. megacalorie c. kilocalorie d. decacalorie

c. kilocalorie

The primary function of a _____ is to build and repair body tissues and structures. a. carbohydrate b. vitamin c. protein d. lipid

c. protein

_____ are a group of compounds that include triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols. a. Minerals b. Nucleic acids c. Polysaccharides d. Lipids

d. Lipids

Which of the following refers to all the chemical reactions that occur in the body that are required for life? a. Peristalsis b. Kinetics c. Acidosis d. Metabolism

d. Metabolism

During periods of starvation, amino acids are used to assist in energy production, a term referred to as _____. a. glycogenesis b. the Kreb's cycle c. the Cori cycle d. gluconeogenesis

d. gluconeogenesis

Polysaccharides are often called complex carbohydrates and they primarily include: a. cane sugar and milk sugar b. glucose and galactose. c. brown sugar and fruit sugar. d. starch and fiber.

d. starch and fiber.