Chapter 5 Health Psychology Multiple Choice, Chapter 6 Health Psychology Multiple Choice, Chapter 7 Health Psychology Multiple Choice, Chapter 8 Health Psychology Multiple Choice

Complications of methamphetamine use include a. Hyperthermia. b. Permanent memory loss. c. Increased heart rate. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Lymphocytes are found in the a. Tonsils. b. Lymph nodes. c. Thymus. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

The shock phase of stress is part of the a. Stage of resistance. b. Stimulus stage. c. Stage of exhaustion. d. Alarm stage

d. Alarm stage

Approximately _____ of HIV positive people are asymptomatic. a. 15% b. 18% c. 20% d. 22%

a. 15%

The ecological model identifies _____ types of environmental determinants on health. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

a. 2

The nervous system is comprised of _____ principal parts. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

a. 2

The peripheral nervous system contains _____ substructures. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

a. 2

The National Center for Health Statistics estimated that in 2006, approximately _____ of all adults in the U.S. smoked. a. 20% b. 40% c. 50% d. 60%

a. 20%

Many health providers recommend a follow-up test in _____ months if an initial test is negative. a. 4-6 b. 6-8 c. 8-10 d. 10-12

a. 4-6

Most traditional medicines share the principle of a. A belief in a connection between the individual, earth, and a life or energy force. b. A belief in the biomedical model of health. c. A belief in the importance of having children to carry on one's genetic forces. d. A belief in the afterlife.

a. A belief in a connection between the individual, earth, and a life or energy force.

The New York City Department of Education's 1992 attempt to educate students about HIV is an example of a. A flawed health policy delivery system. b. A successful health policy delivery system. c. How ethnic barriers related to HIV can be successfully overcome. d. How to implement a school-wide health care policy.

a. A flawed health policy delivery system.

The 1997 repeal of the "helmet law" in Arkansas led to a. A significant increase in the number of motorcycle fatalities. b. A slight increase in the number of motorcycle fatalities. c. A significant decrease in the number of motorcycle fatalities. d. No change in the number of motorcycle fatalities.

a. A significant increase in the number of motorcycle fatalities.

Which of the following would NOT be considered a proximal cause of death for a person with HIV? a. AIDS b. Pneumonia c. The common cold d. Cancer

a. AIDS

A sudden and intense response to a stressful stimuli is called a. Acute stress. b. Chronic stress. c. Primary stress. d. Unanticipated stress.

a. Acute stress.

Acquired immunity is to _____ as natural immunity is to _____. a. Adaptive immunity; innate immunity b. Innate immunity; antigenic immunity c. Enhanced immunity; adaptive immunity d. Lymphoid immunity; innate immunity

a. Adaptive immunity; innate immunity

Where is the pituitary gland located? a. Adjacent to the hypothalamus b. Adjacent to the thyroid gland c. Adjacent to the thalamus d. Within the autonomic nervous system

a. Adjacent to the hypothalamus

The work of Brendgen and Vitaro (2001) suggests a link between emotional temperament and physical health for a. Adolescent girls. b. Adolescent boys. c. Both adolescent girls and boys. d. Adult males.

a. Adolescent girls.

Which of the following is NOT one of the 5 elements of Chinese Traditional Medicine (CTM)? a. Air b. Metal c. Earth d. Fire

a. Air

According to the cognitive-affective theories, which of the following is a factor that influences the likelihood of a person using a substance? a. An individual's decision that the benefits of substance use outweigh the costs b. An individual's negative attitudes about substance use c. An individual's belief that the costs of using a substance exceed the benefits d. An individual's religious views about substance use

a. An individual's decision that the benefits of substance use outweigh the costs

_____ is one of the more prevalent disorders in Western countries. a. Anorexia b. Binging disorder c. Binge-eating disorder d. Purging disorder

a. Anorexia

What are plant phenolics? a. Antioxidants that protect against some forms of cardiovascular disease and cancer b. Roots of certain plants used to curb nicotine cravings c. Types of plants that contain medicinal properties d. None of the above

a. Antioxidants that protect against some forms of cardiovascular disease and cancer

_____ may be the best available approach to limit the spread of HIV to a new generation. a. Antiretroviral drugs b. Condom distribution c. Safe sex education d. HIV vaccinations

a. Antiretroviral drugs

Research demonstrates that driver's age and experience are negatively correlated. What does this mean? a. As age increases, driving inexperience decreases. b. As age increases, driving inexperience increases. c. As age increases, driving experience decreases. d. None of the above—driver's age and experience are positively correlated.

a. As age increases, driving inexperience decreases.

Which part of the body controls the automatic and involuntary functions essential for living? a. Autonomic nervous system b. Parasympathetic nervous system c. Neurotransmitter sites d. Receptor sites

a. Autonomic nervous system

Polly is very optimistic. According to the definition of "optimism," she a. Believes situations and events will work out for the best. b. Understands that life cannot be controlled, and therefore, she must be adaptable to change. c. Focuses on negative events in her life. d. Is a visual learner.

a. Believes situations and events will work out for the best.

Research conducted by Folkman and Moskowitz (2000) revealed that caregivers who used positive reappraisal strategies showed _____ psychological health and adjustment after the death of an AIDS patient than those caregivers who did not use this strategy. a. Better b. Worse c. The same d. None of the above

a. Better

The use of unsanitary needles is one example of _____ transmission. a. Blood-borne b. Antigen c. Perinatal d. Substance

a. Blood-borne

The _____ is unique to the Native American healing practices. a. Circle of life b. Belief in susto c. Concept of spirituality d. Forgiveness doctrine

a. Circle of life

Joel was recently diagnosed with _____, which prevents his liver from properly removing wastes from his body. a. Cirrhosis b. Lymphoma c. Chron's disease d. Gastrointestinal disease

a. Cirrhosis

The Theory of Reasoned Action and the Health Belief Model are both included in the _____ theories of substance use. a. Cognitive-affective b. Integrationist c. Ecological d. Conventional commitment

a. Cognitive-affective

The transactional model of stress involves a person's a. Continuous interactions and adjustments to the stressful event. b. Physiological responses to an identified stressor. c. Hormonal responses to a stressor. d. Responses to any type of noxious stimulus.

a. Continuous interactions and adjustments to the stressful event.

With reference to Alaskan Natives and Native Americans, which of the following societal reasons is cited for an increased suicide rate? a. Cultural marginalization b. Too many employment options are causing extreme stress c. They live in areas which are too densely populated d. All of the above

a. Cultural marginalization

Which of the following is NOT a commonly used antiretroviral drug? a. Cytokine b. Zidovudine c. Nevirapine d. Efavirenz

a. Cytokine

___ measures the extent to which the body's cells are able to kill foreign organisms. a. Cytotoxicity b. Cell proliferation c. Cell differentiation d. Seroconversion

a. Cytotoxicity

A longitudinal study (Caban et al., 2005) investigating the relationship between adult workers and obesity concluded that all of the following factors contributed to obesity EXCEPT: a. Daytime work hours. b. Job position. c. Stress. d. Extended work hours.

a. Daytime work hours.

The Gay Men's Health Crisis (GMHC) campaign has been most effective in a. Decreasing the incidences of, and mortality rates due to, HIV/AIDS. b. Educating gay men about the risks of certain sexual behaviors. c. Raising finances to assist with treatment and research for HIV/AIDS. d. Reaching out to young homosexual males and females.

a. Decreasing the incidences of, and mortality rates due to, HIV/AIDS.

_____ is a coping strategy that keeps disappointments and expectations in check. a. Defensive pessimism b. Pessimism c. Optimism d. Structural optimism

a. Defensive pessimism

Germs that are not repelled by the first layer of skin will move on to the second layer of skin called the a. Dermis. b. Epidermis. c. Keratin. d. Epithelial.

a. Dermis.

Why is it difficult to obtain statistics on the number of people abusing prescription drugs? a. Doctors may be unaware that prescriptions are being used for non-medicinal purposes. b. The number of people abusing prescription drugs is too small to measure. c. The number of people abusing prescription drugs is too large to measure. d. None of the above

a. Doctors may be unaware that prescriptions are being used for non-medicinal purposes.

How does the endocrine system send messages to the body? a. Ductless glands b. Neurotransmitters c. Allostasis d. Through the somatic nervous system

a. Ductless glands

____ is one of the 5 most commonly used illegal drugs in the U.S. a. Ecstasy (MDMA) b. LSD c. Nicotine d. Oxycodone

a. Ecstasy (MDMA)

Adrenaline is also called a. Epinephrine. b. Dopamine. c. Catecholamine. d. Estrogen.

a. Epinephrine.

The _____ theory was the first to fully describe the body's biological response to stress. a. Fight-or-flight b. General Adaptation Syndrome c. Transactional d. Biopsychosocial

a. Fight-or-flight

Lazarus' study of stressors found that the _____ was predictive of psychological health. a. Hassles scale b. Uplift scale c. Subjective hassles scale d. Student stressor scale

a. Hassles scale

The Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resource Emergency Act (RARE) provides financial support for a. Health care and resources for people with HIV/AIDS. b. Family members whose loved ones die of AIDS. c. School systems to educate students about HIV/AIDS. d. All of the above

a. Health care and resources for people with HIV/AIDS.

One of the goals of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa was to a. Help victims learn the truth about the murders of their loved ones. b. Help educate South Africans about the HIV/AIDS virus. c. Provide assistance with nutrition. d. Assist with the relocation of apartheid victims.

a. Help victims learn the truth about the murders of their loved ones.

Which of the following groups currently reports a decrease in HIV prevalence? a. Hemophiliacs b. Intravenous drug users c. Heterosexual males d. Homosexual females

a. Hemophiliacs

Mikayla is a yerbero in the curanderismo healing practice. She would most likely treat her patients with a. Herbal remedies. b. Massages. c. Faith. d. Qi

a. Herbal remedies.

The biopsychosocial model of health is also referred to as the a. Holistic model of health. b. Biological model of health. c. Spiritual model of health. d. Wellness model of health.

a. Holistic model of health.

Which of the following was NOT one of the groups initially associated with the HIV/AIDS virus? a. Homosexual women b. Homosexual men c. Intravenous drug users d. Haitians

a. Homosexual women

Petraitis coined the term _____ to include components of the 4 main theoretical categories of substance use. a. Integrationists b. Conventionalists c. Interactionists d. Behaviorists

a. Integrationists

How does the Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) work? a. It suppresses the HIV virus' ability to replicate itself. b. It vaccinates high risk individuals from the HIV virus. c. It slows the production of CD4 cells. d. All of the above

a. It suppresses the HIV virus' ability to replicate itself.

Cohen et al. (1991) concluded that participants with a positive affect were _____ to develop a severe illness than participants with a negative outlook. a. Less likely b. More likely c. Equally likely d. None of the above

a. Less likely

Gladys frequents a nightclub where the "Club Drug" is commonly used. Which type of recreational drug is being used? a. MDMA b. Cocaine c. Methamphetamines d. Heroin

a. MDMA

Which of the following is a possible dual infection linked to HIV? a. Malaria b. Cholera c. Pneumonia d. Karposi's Sarcoma

a. Malaria

The CDC Youth Risk Study determined that a. Males were more likely to carry guns to school than females. b. Females were more likely to carry weapons to school, other than guns, than males. c. Both males and females carried the same amount of weapons to school, although males were more likely to carry a gun. d. It was too difficult to determine the percentage of weapons carried to school because students were afraid or reluctant to disclose this information.

a. Males were more likely to carry guns to school than females.

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding Native American health practices? a. Medicines exist only within external agents (those outside the body). b. Medicine can be the peacefulness of a moment. c. Herbs, teas, and pastes are used as medicinal agents. d. A smile can be considered a form of medicine.

a. Medicines exist only within external agents (those outside the body).

A suppressed immune system means the body is a. More likely to contract a disease. b. Less likely to contract a disease. c. Less susceptible to stress. d. In a healthy state.

a. More likely to contract a disease.

Which of the following is NOT one of the primary routes through which HIV is transmitted? a. Mosquitos b. Sexual intercourse c. Parenteral transmission d. Perinatal transmission

a. Mosquitos

According to the opening story in Chapter 6, Angelita a. Needed to reconnect spiritually with her home and culture. b. Was diagnosed with clinical depression. c. Suffered from a chronic illness. d. Should have been prescribed an antidepressant medication to help alleviate her symptoms.

a. Needed to reconnect spiritually with her home and culture.

According to research conducted by Rabin, Cohen, Ganguli, Lyle and Cunnick (1989), one way that emotions affect our immune systems is through the _____ in our bodies. a. Nerve fibers b. Chemical receptors c. Hormones d. Muscles

a. Nerve fibers

Physiological responses to stress are initiated by a complex communication process that takes place in the a. Nervous system. b. Pancreas. c. Adrenal glands. d. Pituitary gland.

a. Nervous system.

_____ was initially considered an epicenter of the HIV disease. a. New York City b. Los Angeles c. Seattle d. Miami

a. New York City

_____ are diseases that invade a weakened or defenseless body. a. Opportunistic infections b. AIDS infections c. Adaptive viruses d. Infectious agents

a. Opportunistic infections

Motor and sensory nerves comprise the a. Peripheral nervous system (PNS). b. Autonomic nervous system. c. Parasympathetic nervous system. d. Central nervous system (CNS).

a. Peripheral nervous system (PNS).

Research by Adewuya et al. (2010) concluded that one of the strongest predictors of poor adherence to an HIV-medical regimen was a. Poor social support. b. Substance abuse problems. c. Lack of formal education. d. Financial difficulties.

a. Poor social support.

The _____ coping style tends to be the most effective method of dealing with stressors. a. Problem-focused b. Emotion-focused c. Wellness d. Engagement

a. Problem-focused

The function of the United Nations Joint Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) is to a. Promote a global agenda to address individual, community, and health policy factors that contribute to the spread of HIV. b. Create health policies for developing countries to curtail the spread of HIV. c. Market HIV medications. d. Disperse HIV medications to developing countries.

a. Promote a global agenda to address individual, community, and health policy factors that contribute to the spread of HIV.

_____ identified the microorganisms that cause anthrax and tuberculosis. a. Robert Koch b. Louis Pasteur c. Marie Curie d. John Guthrie

a. Robert Koch

Which of the following is considered to be a cognitive approach to problem solving? a. Searching for information about a health concern on the internet b. Aromatherapy c. Musical relaxation d. Dancing

a. Searching for information about a health concern on the internet

Research conducted by Cohen and Wills (1985) concluded that social support a. Serves as a buffer from the potentially negative influences of stress. b. Is mildly useful when using the problem-focused coping style. c. Is most helpful when it comes from a family member. d. Is most effective for adolescents who are learning problem-solving techniques.

a. Serves as a buffer from the potentially negative influences of stress.

Folkman and Moskowitz (2000) found that AIDS caregivers were more likely to feel a sense of accomplishment and better manage their day when they a. Set and completed a specific goal each day. b. Used a support network. c. Consulted with peers who were employed in the same line of work. d. Worked no more than 8 hours per day.

a. Set and completed a specific goal each day.

Using smoke from lit herbs to cleanse negative energies around a person is called a. Smudging. b. Purging. c. Lighting. d. Balancing.

a. Smudging.

Positive psychology is important to the field of health psychology because it facilitates a transition from the biopsychosocial model to the _____ model. a. Social ecological b. Wellness c. Integrationist d. Conventional

a. Social ecological

According to the study conducted by Kawano (2008), nurses working in _____ units experienced higher levels of emotional distress than other nurses. a. Specialty b. Non-specialty c. Pediatric d. None of the above

a. Specialty

The findings of Wachholtz's and Pargament's (2008) research on migraines concluded that _____ meditation techniques were much better than any other treatment approaches used in the study. a. Spiritual b. Internally-focused c. Externally-focused d. Muscle relaxation

a. Spiritual

Which of the following is NOT a virtue of positive psychology? a. Spirituality b. Courage c. Humanity d. Temperance

a. Spirituality

_____ is a central component of curanderismo. a. Spirituality b. Qi c. Socioeconomic status d. Ecology

a. Spirituality

A _____ is an event external to the human body that provokes a response. a. Stressful stimulus b. Stressful response c. Stressful activator d. Stress mechanism

a. Stressful stimulus

According to the gateway theory of substance use, adolescent substance use begins with a. Substances legal for adults. b. Substances illegal for adults. c. Older siblings pressuring the adolescent to use substances. d. Non-prescription medications.

a. Substances legal for adults.

Which of the following statements is FALSE with reference to suicide in the U.S.? a. Suicide is more prevalent in females than males. b. Suicide rates are higher for older adults than younger adults. c. Native Americans have one of the highest suicide rates in the U.S. d. Individuals 65 years of age and older commit 1 suicide for every 4 attempts.

a. Suicide is more prevalent in females than males.

Ivan's curandero believes he is suffering from _____, which is a type of fright due to a traumatic experience. a. Susto b. Espanto c. Biento d. Qi

a. Susto

Physiological changes are triggered in the body by the _____ system when a situation is cognitively appraised as threatening. a. Sympathetic b. Parasympathetic c. Somatic d. Pancreatic

a. Sympathetic

Melanie is frightened while walking home from work late in the evening. According to the flight-or-fight theory, which systems would be activated in her body? a. Sympathetic and endocrine systems b. Parasympathetic and endocrine systems c. Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system d. None of the above

a. Sympathetic and endocrine systems

Men tend to cite _____ as a primary cause of tension and stress when choosing a nursing facility for a family member. a. The absence of socioemotional support b. Conflicts at work c. Family conflicts d. Physiological problems

a. The absence of socioemotional support

Gwendolyn is interested in the antecedents of cigarette smoking, thus she is interested in knowing about a. The factors that influence cigarette smoking. b. The factors that are the direct causes of cigarette smoking. c. The outcomes of cigarette smoking. d. The treatments for quitting smoking.

a. The factors that influence cigarette smoking.

_____ and _____ were two discoveries that led to the development of the biomedical model of health. a. The relationship between microorganisms and disease; vaccines to protect against disease b. Vaccines to protect against disease; the study of the relationships between bodily fluids and humors c. The importance of spirituality; vaccines to protect against disease d. None of the above

a. The relationship between microorganisms and disease; vaccines to protect against disease

Research on Haitians as a high-risk HIV group concluded that a. The research was inaccurate and that Haitians were not a high-risk group. b. Haitian males were most likely to contract the virus based on years of prevalence data. c. Haitian females are most at risk of developing HIV. d. None of the above

a. The research was inaccurate and that Haitians were not a high-risk group.

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the research findings on adolescent social role models and smoking? a. The smoking rates of teens increases when the on-screen smoking is done by the teen's favorite movie star. b. Adolescent smoking behavior is not influenced by observing on-screen smoking. c. There are no signs of gender effects of smoking models on later smoking behaviors. d. Teens exposed to smoking by actors are not more likely to associate with other teens who smoke.

a. The smoking rates of teens increases when the on-screen smoking is done by the teen's favorite movie star.

How does the wellness model differ from the biopsychosocial model? a. The wellness model includes quality of life and spirituality, whereas the biopsychosocial model does not. b. The wellness model does not include spirituality, whereas the biopsychosocial model does. c. The wellness model does not include social aspects related to health outcomes. d. The wellness model and biopsychosocial model are the same models.

a. The wellness model includes quality of life and spirituality, whereas the biopsychosocial model does not.

Which of the following is a reason given by scientists for their inability to kill the HIV virus? a. They are unable to identify, isolate, and destroy HIV without killing other human cells necessary for survival. b. They are unable to pinpoint the exact location of the T suppressor cells. c. They are unable to destroy viral RNA without impacting the immunity cells. d. All of the above

a. They are unable to identify, isolate, and destroy HIV without killing other human cells necessary for survival.

Why do many people use both Western and traditional types of medicine? a. They believe that each addresses different needs. b. They are often confused about their illness and unsure which type of medicine would work best. c. It is required practice in some countries. d. Both types of medicine are one in the same.

a. They believe that each addresses different needs.

Which of the following statements is TRUE in reference to T helper cytokines? a. They can help activate the B-memory cells. b. They are known as the "killer" cells. c. They help to slow the functions of the immune system. d. They form in the bone marrow until they are mature.

a. They can help activate the B-memory cells.

Which of the following is the mission of positive psychology? a. To make normal people's lives more fulfilling and productive b. To focus on the positive aspects of a person's life rather than the negative c. To encourage healthy emotional and physical lifestyles d. None of the above

a. To make normal people's lives more fulfilling and productive

The _____ personality includes high levels of competitiveness, high need for achievement and hostile or aggressive tendencies. a. Type A b. Type B c. Type 1 d. Type 2

a. Type A

According to the study on socioeconomic class and health conducted by Sir Edwin Chadwick, the _____ were the group with the highest adult mortality and infant death rates. a. Wage/class workers b. Tradesmen/shopkeepers c. Gentry/professional d. White collar workers

a. Wage/class workers

Which of the following is NOT a model used in research and practice in the field of health psychology? a. Well-being model b. Wellness model c. Ecological model d. Biomedical model

a. Well-being model

Research results of a study conducted by Grunbaum et al. (2002) concluded that African American adolescents a. Were less likely to receive information about safer sexual practices than other ethnic groups. b. Had the lowest rates of HIV infections than any other group. c. Were more open to HIV education than any other group. d. Were least likely to contract the HIV virus.

a. Were less likely to receive information about safer sexual practices than other ethnic groups.

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding HIV? a. Women in heterosexual relationships are at greater risk of infection than men in heterosexual relationships. b. Men in heterosexual relationships are at greater risk of infection than women in heterosexual relationships. c. Men and women in heterosexual relationships are equally likely to be infected. d. Men and women in heterosexual relationships are not at risk of HIV infection.

a. Women in heterosexual relationships are at greater risk of infection than men in heterosexual relationships.

Bethel and Schenker (2005) reported that the _____ process influences the rates with which Hispanic women use cigarettes. a. Demographic b. Acculturation c. Socioeconomic d. Gender socialization

b. Acculturation

One measure of the strength of the immune system is the number of _____ cells in the body. a. A b. B c. CD4 d. L4

c. CD4

The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) define a "standard drink" of alcohol as one that contains about _____ of pure alcohol. a. 0.25 ounces b. 0.5 ounces c. 0.6 ounces d. 0.65 ounces

b. 0.5 ounces

A person being tested with the ELISA test will have to wait approximately _____ for the results. a. 1 week b. 2 weeks c. 3 weeks d. 1 month

b. 2 weeks

Approximately _____ of all modern medicines are made from plants first used by traditional healers. a. 18% b. 25% c. 35% d. 54%

b. 25%

Research conducted by Shultz et al. (2000) concluded that individuals with depressive symptoms were _____ more likely to die within 6 years than individuals with less depressive symptoms. a. 15% b. 25% c. 28% d. 32%

b. 25%

Research suggests that approximately _____ of adults in the U.S. are obese. a. 15% b. 27% c. 32% d. 44%

b. 27%

Cognitive-affective theories propose that _____ factors influence the likelihood of substance use. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

b. 3

Researchers and physicians have discovered that _____ or more antiretroviral drugs combined can improve the health outcomes of HIV positive individuals. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

b. 3

There are _____ different types of T cells. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

b. 3

The International Association on the Study of Obesity recommends at least _____ of daily exercise. a. 15 minutes b. 30 minutes c. 45 minutes d. 60 minutes

b. 30 minutes

Binge drinking involves a. 3 or more drinks in a single setting or within 2 hours. b. 5 or more drinks in a single setting or within 2 hours. c. 3 or more drinks per day. d. 5 or more drinks per day.

b. 5 or more drinks in a single setting or within 2 hours.

Research conducted by Tournoud et al. (2008) on South African infants found that a. Infants were most likely to contract HIV if their mothers were under age 30. b. A mother's low CD4 cell count and an infant's low birth weight were more likely predictors of HIV transmission than breastfeeding. c. Complications at birth led to a higher incidence of HIV infection in infants. d. Mother to child breastfeeding was the best indicator of an infant contracting the HIV virus.

b. A mother's low CD4 cell count and an infant's low birth weight were more likely predictors of HIV transmission than breastfeeding.

One of the primary roles of health psychologists during the initial discovery of HIV/AIDS was to a. Educate the public about the various causes of the virus. b. Address the emotional and psychological health needs of those with the virus as well as those in their social networks. c. Examine the best treatment methods for the virus. d. Locate financial resources for building special hospitals for those with the virus.

b. Address the emotional and psychological health needs of those with the virus as well as those in their social networks.

Which type of nerve fiber is activated immediately after Bob touches a hot stove? a. Efferent b. Afferent c. Neurochemical d. Axon

b. Afferent

Leon's ethnic group reports the largest increase in HIV incidence rates; therefore, it is most likely that Leon is a. Native American. b. African American. c. Hispanic. d. Caucasian.

b. African American.

Kawano's study (2008) concluded that nurses working in intensive care units had higher levels of _____ than other nurses. a. Depression b. Anxiety c. Fatigue d. Anger

b. Anxiety

Elevated cortisol levels are linked to a. A more resilient immune system. b. Anxiety and depression. c. Lower blood pressure. d. Chronic back pain.

b. Anxiety and depression

Rodney lives in a developed country with one of the highest rates of cannabis use. Which country is Rodney most likely to live in? a. Japan b. Australia c. England d. Spain

b. Australia

Ramon had the chicken pox vaccine as a child. If exposed to the virus in the future, _____ will ensure that his body "remembers" the virus in order to eliminate it quickly and efficiently and protect Ramon from developing the chicken pox. a. Neurotransmitters b. B cells c. Antigenic specificity d. Antigens

b. B cells

How does binge eating differ from bulimia? a. Binge eating is more dangerous than bulimia. b. Binge eating does not involve purging behaviors. c. Binge eating is more likely to result in cardiac arrest. d. Binge eating and bulimia are the same.

b. Binge eating does not involve purging behaviors.

Excessive alcohol consumption may be categorized as _____ drinking or _____ drinking. a. Addicted; binge b. Binge; heavy c. Moderate; heavy d. Illegal; addicted

b. Binge; heavy

The _____ model proposes that health is the absence of disease or dysfunction. a. Wellness b. Biomedical c. Biopsychosocial d. Ecological

b. Biomedical

The _____ model was the first to include psychological and social determinants as influential factors on health. a. Biomedical b. Biopsychosocial c. Wellness d. Social ecological

b. Biopsychosocial

__ proposed the fight-or-flight theory of stress. a. Seyle b. Cannon c. Lazarus d. Folkman

b. Cannon

The adrenal medulla produces a. ACTH. b. Catecholamine. c. Dopamine. d. Serotonin.

b. Catecholamine

Currently, the only proven method for controlling the spread of HIV/AIDS is by a. Getting a vaccine to prevent susceptibility to the virus. b. Changing high risk behaviors. c. Learning all one can about the virus. d. Avoiding travel to Haiti.

b. Changing high risk behaviors.

Which of the following is NOT a component of traditional medicine? a. Spiritual techniques b. Chemotherapy c. Mineral-based medicines d. Medicines derived from plants

b. Chemotherapy

Many scientists contend that HIV was most likely transmitted to humans from a type of a. Bird. b. Chimpanzee. c. Mosquito. d. Rat.

b. Chimpanzee.

Prolonged and long-term stress is called a. Acute stress. b. Chronic stress. c. Primary stress. d. Secondary stress.

b. Chronic stress.

The Joe Camel cartoon was created to promote a. Marijuana. b. Cigarettes. c. Alcohol. d. Chewing tobacco

b. Cigarettes.

Yin and yang are _____ forces according to Chinese Traditional Medicine (CTM). a. Opposing b. Complementary c. The same d. Polar

b. Complementary

_____ is an Eastern philosophy where negative emotions are necessary for the full development of the individual. a. Buddhism b. Confucianism c. Christianity d. Hmong

b. Confucianism

_____ theorists view an adolescent's level of attachment to social institutions as buffers against substance use. a. Cognitive-affective b. Conventional commitment c. Ecological d. Biopsychosocial

b. Conventional commitment

Robert theorizes that an adolescent's behaviors are not brought on by a desire to rebel against authorities, but rather by an absence of close personal ties to his family. Robert's theoretical position on substance use most closely fits that of the a. Integrationists. b. Conventional commitment theorists. c. Social learning theorists. d. Biopsychosocial theorists.

b. Conventional commitment theorists.

During the _____, the responses characterized as the fight-or-flight reaction become evident. a. Shock phase b. Countershock phase c. Stage of exhaustion d. Stimulus stage

b. Countershock phase

Which of the following statements is TRUE with reference to heroin in the U.S.? a. Current statistics report an increase in heroin use since the 1990s. b. Current statistics report a decrease in heroin use since the 1990s. c. Current statistics indicate that adolescents are engaging in more heroin use since the 1990s. d. Current statistics indicate that heroin use is increasing more in males than females since the 1990s.

b. Current statistics report a decrease in heroin use since the 1990s.

Anorexic males are in danger of a decreased production of a. Estrogen. b. DHEA. c. Progesterone. d. Dopamine.

b. DHEA.

Roy is learning about the "human blueprint" in his biology class. What subject is his teacher most likely lecturing on? a. CD4 cells b. DNA c. T lymphocytes d. Glycoproteins

b. DNA

Lazarus' theoretical perspective contends that _____ are more likely to cause negative health outcomes than are major events. a. Socioeconomic issues b. Daily life hassles c. Chronic diseases d. Occupational hassles

b. Daily life hassles

According to the Crandall et al. Undergraduate Stress Questionnaire, which of the following has the highest score? a. Crammed for a test b. Death of a family member or friend c. Roommate conflicts d. Fought with boy/girlfriend

b. Death of a family member or friend

Smoking rates in the U.S. have _____ over the past 40 years. a. Increased b. Decreased c. Remained the same d. Not been measured

b. Decreased

Xanax is considered a a. Stimulant. b. Depressant. c. Narcotic. d. Opioid.

b. Depressant.

The sebaceous glands are part of the a. Epidermis. b. Dermis. c. Epithelial cells. d. Keratin.

b. Dermis.

Leslie often turns to alcohol as a means of coping with her stressors. This is a type of _____ coping style. a. Engagement b. Disengagement c. Problem-focused d. Emotion-focused

b. Disengagement

Which neurotransmitter regulates the sensation of pleasure? a. Serotonin b. Dopamine c. Norepineprine d. Estrogen

b. Dopamine

Native American health beliefs most closely resemble the _____ model of health. a. Wellness b. Ecological c. Biopsychosocial d. Biomedical

b. Ecological

Missy frequently uses psychological intimidation to make her children behave. This is considered a type of a. Physical abuse. b. Emotional abuse. c. Elder abuse. d. Parenting style but it is not a form of abuse.

b. Emotional abuse.

_____ are hormones that enhance positive mood states. a. Catecholamines b. Endorphins c. Glucocorticoids d. Cortisols

b. Endorphins

The _____ style of coping is a hybrid of the problem/emotion-focused coping method. a. Wellness b. Engagement c. Disengagement d. Problematic

b. Engagement

The biopsychosocial model of health was first proposed by a. Koch. b. Engel. c. Jung. d. Lazarus.

b. Engel.

The epidermis of the skin is comprised of a. Dermis. b. Epithelial cells and keratin. c. Keratin. d. Sebaceous glands.

b. Epithelial cells and keratin.

Various studies have been conducted on the effects of domestic violence on children. Which of the following is a finding of these studies? a. Children who witness domestic violence are not at any greater risk of becoming violent than children who have not witnessed domestic violence. b. Even when not raised in an abusive environment, a pattern of aggressive behavior in childhood is likely to predict aggressive behavior in adulthood. c. Emotional abuse of children is less likely to have a psychological impact on children than physical abuse. d. Children who have witnessed domestic violence are less likely to be abused in a relationship when they are adults.

b. Even when not raised in an abusive environment, a pattern of aggressive behavior in childhood is likely to predict aggressive behavior in adulthood.

The concept of _____ refers to the fact that adolescents may engage in risky behaviors once or very rarely. a. Risk taking b. Experimental risk taking c. Testing the limits d. Unintentional risk taking

b. Experimental risk taking

When finding alternate care and living arrangements for family members, women tend to cite _____ rather than the absence of socioemotional support as the principal reason for increased stress. a. Physiological problems b. Family conflicts over the decision c. Employment conflict d. Finances

b. Family conflicts over the decision

The advantages of Chinese Traditional Medicine (CTM) over Western medicine include a. Containing the spread of disease quicker. b. Fewer side effects. c. Quicker control of symptoms. d. Less time-consuming procedures.

b. Fewer side effects.

Dietary practices in many east Asian countries include a. Foods high in starch. b. Foods high in fiber and low in fat. c. Processed foods. d. Foods high in saturated fats.

b. Foods high in fiber and low in fat.

HIV rates are on the rise in a. Namibia. b. Germany. c. Swaziland. d. Denmark.

b. Germany.

Cohen (2005) found that stress may influence the production of a. Receptors. b. Hormones. c. Neurotransmitters. d. None of the above

b. Hormones.

The ELISA test was designed to a. Detect the levels of CD4 cells in the body. b. Identify the presence of HIV antibodies in the body. c. Measure the number of T helper cells in the body. d. Help the body produce T suppressor cells.

b. Identify the presence of HIV antibodies in the body.

Larry has a hearing impairment. According to the biomedical model of health, his hearing loss is considered a(n) a. Minor issue. b. Illness. c. Short-term disability. d. Easily treatable disease.

b. Illness.

A universal virtue is one found a. Predominantly in Western cultures. b. In many cultures, religions and philosophical traditions. c. Found in modernized societies. d. In developed countries.

b. In many cultures, religions and philosophical traditions

How does crack cocaine create a feeling of euphoria? a. It reabsorbs dopamine, causing an excess in the central nervous system. b. It blocks the reabsorption of dopamine, causing an excess in the central nervous system. c. It blocks the creation of dopamine, causing a shortage in the central nervous system. d. It reabsorbs dopamine, causing the central nervous system to be relaxed.

b. It blocks the reabsorption of dopamine, causing an excess in the central nervous system.

_____ was most likely the first to propose that heart ailments could be related to a person's emotional state or personality. a. Hans Selye b. John Hunter c. Sigmund Freud d. Walter Cannon

b. John Hunter

Who proposed the gateway theory of substance use? a. Brewer b. Kandel c. Bandura d. Nelson

b. Kandel

Studies (Fekete et al., 2009 & Derlega et al., 2003) indicate that individuals who revealed their HIV status to family members or other supportive individuals reported a. An increase in stigmatization. b. Lower psychological distress. c. Higher spirituality. d. Increased levels of support.

b. Lower psychological distress.

Which of the following statements is TRUE with reference to spirituality and health outcomes? a. Individuals rarely incorporate spirituality into their healing traditions when using the biomedical model of health. b. Many individuals combine spirituality with medical science to increase their chances of overcoming illness. c. Spirituality is rarely used in Western cultures to overcome illness. d. All of the above are true.

b. Many individuals combine spirituality with medical science to increase their chances of overcoming illness.

A shaman is a a. Medicine man or woman in curanderismo. b. Medicine man or woman in Native American culture. c. Medical healer in Chinese Traditional Medicine (CTM). d. None of the above

b. Medicine man or woman in Native American culture.

Curanderismo is commonly practiced in a. The United States. b. Mexico. c. Italy. d. Japan.

b. Mexico.

Western medical approaches are often referred to as a. Curanderismo. b. Modern approaches. c. Holistic approaches. d. Traditional folklore.

b. Modern approaches.

Hans Selye defined stress as the organism's response to any form of a. Threatening circumstance. b. Noxious stimulus. c. Distraction. d. Psychological stimulus.

b. Noxious stimulus.

A study conducted by Walters et al. (1993) indicated that adolescents a. Are generally accurate about how many friends are engaging in high risk behaviors. b. Often inflate the number of friends involved in high risk behaviors. c. Are at lower risk for developing HIV than was previously thought. d. All of the above

b. Often inflate the number of friends involved in high risk behaviors.

The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) suggests a relationship between the number of stressful experiences, the perceived severity of the event, and a. Temperament. b. Overall physical health. c. Personality type. d. Mental health issues.

b. Overall physical health.

_____ believe that an individual's characteristics may influence the timing and occurrence of substance use. a. Integrationists b. Personality trait theorists c. Social learning theorists d. Ecological theorists

b. Personality trait theorists

Which two glands in the endocrine system are responsible for releasing hormones in response to stress? a. Pituitary; thyroid b. Pituitary; adrenal c. Adrenal; thyroid d. Thyroid; pancreas

b. Pituitary; adrenal

According to Seligman, the most effective way to prevent illnesses is to focus on the a. Level of spirituality in one's life. b. Positive goals of building competencies and the reinforcing factors that prevent negative events from occurring. c. Positive and negative outcomes of health behaviors. d. The reinforcing properties of negative and positive behaviors in order to effect change in one's health status.

b. Positive goals of building competencies and the reinforcing factors that prevent negative events from occurring.

The Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa is one example of the concept of a. Quality of life. b. Positive psychology. c. Health outcomes in developed countries. d. The wellness model of health.

b. Positive psychology.

_____ is the use of cognitive strategies to view a situation in a more positive light. a. Problem-focused coping b. Positive reappraisal c. Emotion-focused coping d. Coping

b. Positive reappraisal

Anorexia is classified as a _____ disorder. a. Physiological b. Psychological c. Biological d. Ecological

b. Psychological

Psychoneuroimmunology explores the relationship between a. Biology, psychology, and sociology. b. Psychology, immunology, and neurology. c. Psychology, physiology, and neurology. d. Immunology, neurology, and physiology.

b. Psychology, immunology, and neurology.

Vomiting, fasting, or using laxatives to lose weight is called a. Cleansing. b. Purging. c. Binging. d. Amenorrhea.

b. Purging.

Plant phenolics are found in some types of a. White wines. b. Red wines. c. Fermented beers. d. Cigarettes.

b. Red wines.

Which of the following is NOT a component of cognitive appraisal? a. Primary appraisal b. Reevaluation appraisal c. Secondary appraisal d. Cognitive reappraisal

b. Reevaluation appraisal

_____ refers to an action that increases the probability of an adverse outcome. a. Risk b. Risky behavior c. Experimental risk taking d. Antecedent behaviors

b. Risky behavior

A _____ is an indigenous healer used in the South African health care system. a. Curandero b. Sangoma c. Midwife d. Nursing healer

b. Sangoma

The assessment of one's resources and determination of how sufficient the resources are to meet the demands of a stressful event is called a. Primary appraisal. b. Secondary appraisal. c. Cognitive appraisal. d. Reevaluation appraisal.

b. Secondary appraisal.

The process of a person transitioning from HIV to AIDS is called a. Differentiation. b. Seroconversion. c. Asymptomatic. d. Parenteral.

b. Seroconversion.

The sympathetic nervous system a. Is a substructure of the somatic nervous system. b. Serves as protection from external or internal threats. c. Returns the body to its normal state after a threat. d. Serves the same function as the pituitary gland.

b. Serves as protection from external or internal threats.

According to the opening vignette on distracted teen drivers, one factor that appeared to contribute to Gillian's accident was a. She was talking on her cell phone. b. She was an inexperienced driver. c. She was changing the radio station. d. She had been drinking alcohol.

b. She was an inexperienced driver.

Researchers (Orsal, et al., 2012) have found an association between psychological stress among college students and a. Levels of depression. b. Sleep disturbances. c. Suppressed immune systems. d. Anger outbursts.

b. Sleep disturbances.

Loretta's physician has prescribed her antiretroviral drugs to a. Help promote T cell production. b. Slow the progression of HIV. c. Offset the loss of vitamins and minerals she is missing due to HIV. d. Vaccinate her against HIV.

b. Slow the progression of HIV.

Condom distribution campaigns on college campuses are an example of a(n) a. Government issued policy. b. Social marketing campaign. c. Healthcare policy. d. Educational message system.

b. Social marketing campaign.

According to the report by Taylor et al. (2000), optimistic people have more a. Financial success. b. Social support. c. Children. d. All of the above

b. Social support

Which of the following is NOT one of the principal theories used to explain the relationship between stress and illness? a. General Adaptation Syndrome b. Socialecological theory c. Fight-or-flight theory d. Transactional model

b. Socialecological theory

Reed is engaging in a(n) _____ behavior, meaning his behavior is widely accepted by society. a. Public norm b. Socially normative behavior c. Influential behavior d. Adjustable behavior

b. Socially normative behavior

The results of a Harvard study on state health policies (Nelson et al., 2005) found that a. State health policies have little effect on moderating drinking behaviors in college students. b. State health policies can moderate drinking in both college students and adults. c. State health policies moderate drinking in college students but not adults. d. State health policies are effective at moderating drinking in adolescents and college students.

b. State health policies can moderate drinking in both college students and adults.

Which of the following is NOT one of the stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)? a. Alarm stage b. Stimulus stage c. Stage of resistance d. Stage of exhaustion

b. Stimulus stage

Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the transactional model of stress? a. Responses to stress are primarily based on physiological reactions. b. Stress is both a stimulus and a response. c. Mood has little to do with the way stress is handled. d. The stage of exhaustion is similar to secondary appraisal.

b. Stress is both a stimulus and a response.

Which type of cells function as warriors? a. B cells b. T cells c. R cells d. L cells

b. T cells

How do the emotion-focused coping style and engagement coping style differ? a. The engagement coping style is more focused on emotion rather than problem-solving. b. The engagement coping style looks for a sympathetic but helpful audience, whereas the emotion-focused style does not seek a helpful audience. c. The engagement coping style is used more frequently by females than the emotion-focused style. d. The emotion-focused style is a healthier way of problem-solving than the engagement style.

b. The engagement coping style looks for a sympathetic but helpful audience, whereas the emotion-focused style does not seek a helpful audience.

Research studies conclude that adolescents most likely to engage in early sexual behaviors are a. The most well-informed about safer sexual practices. b. The least well-informed about safer sexual practices. c. The most likely to be from supportive homes. d. The most likely to understand the consequences of unprotected sexual activities.

b. The least well-informed about safer sexual practices.

The results of a study conducted by Finer et al. (1999) found that an important predictor of contracting a sexually transmitted disease is a. The level of education one has. b. The number of sexual partners one has. c. One's socioeconomic status. d. One's ethnic background.

b. The number of sexual partners one has.

Curanderismo is considered a _____ type of medicine. a. Modern b. Traditional c. Physiological d. Ecological

b. Traditional

Between 1997 and 2006, HIV incidence rates were _____ in the U.S. a. Overestimated b. Underestimated c. Accurately assessed d. None of the above

b. Underestimated

_____ are injuries that result from accidents or unplanned events. a. Intentional injuries b. Unintentional injuries c. Calculated injuries d. Deliberate injuries

b. Unintentional injuries

Which of the following is an example of "teological medicine"? a. How can I conquer this illness? b. What can the disease teach me? c. How can I destroy the disease? d. How many family members have had cancer?

b. What can the disease teach me?

Incidence rates of HIV are increasing at a faster rate for _____ than any other group. a. Men b. Women c. The elderly d. Children under age 10

b. Women

Which of the following is NOT considered a priority health risk by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC)? a. Physical inactivity b. Workplace/school violence c. Risky sexual behavior d. Cigarette smoking

b. Workplace/school violence

Teenagers who are _____ years of age have the highest automobile accident rate of any age group. a. 15-16 b. 15-18 c. 16-19 d. 17-19

c. 16-19

The Nova Scotia Study (2003) on automobile crashes and driving experience determined that after _____ of driving experience, the rate of teen crashes decreases by more than half. a. 6 months b. 12 months c. 18 months d. 24 months

c. 18 months

The peak of the HIV virus occurred in a. 1987. b. 1990. c. 1993. d. 2000.

c. 1993.

Approximately _____ of people who are tested for HIV with the ELISA test do not return for their results. a. 18% b. 22% c. 25% d. 30%

c. 25%

How many core beliefs comprise most traditional medicines? a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

c. 4

Adolescent drivers 16-17 years of age have a _____ increased risk of automobile accidents when accompanied by at least one other teenage passenger. a. 25% b. 33% c. 40% d. 55%

c. 40%

The highest suicide rate for women in the U.S. occurs among the _____ year old age groups. a. 20-30 b. 30-40 c. 40-50 d. 50-60

c. 40-50

Marijuana contains _____ more carcinogens than cigarettes. a. 20-30% b. 40-60% c. 50-70% d. 60-80%

c. 50-70%

According to positive psychology, _____ virtues contribute to life satisfaction and a more meaningful life. a. 4 b. 5 c. 6 d. 7

c. 6

Alcohol consumption is cited in _____ of cases of intimate partner violence. a. 50% b. 58% c. 66% d. 72%

c. 66%

HIV is the _____ leading cause of death for Latinos. a. 3rd b. 5th c. 6th d. 9th

c. 6th

Darius would like to have a drink with dinner. According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) guidelines on "standard" drinks, which of the following should Darius have? a. A 2 ounce glass of 80-proof distilled liquor b. An 8 ounce glass of wine c. A 12 ounce beer d. A 16 ounce bottle of malt liquor

c. A 12 ounce beer

According to the author of the textbook, in what way can stress be a positive experience? a. Stressful events may cause weight loss. b. Stressful events may lead to more humor in one's life. c. A positive affect toward the stressful event may lead to growth opportunities and new skill development. d. Stress cannot be considered a positive experience due to the damaging physiological effects it has on health outcomes.

c. A positive affect toward the stressful event may lead to growth opportunities and new skill development.

The adrenal glands are located a. Above the pituitary gland. b. Adjacent to the pituitary gland. c. Above the kidneys. d. Below the kidneys

c. Above the kidneys

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), suicide rates are lowest in _____ and _____. a. China; Japan b. China; Russia c. Africa; the South Pacific d. Eastern Europe; Japan

c. Africa; the South Pacific

Which of the following are considered "gateway drugs"? a. Chewing tobacco and alcohol b. Cigarettes and non-prescription medications c. Alcohol and cigarettes d. Prescription and non-prescription medications

c. Alcohol and cigarettes

Roger's body has returned to its normal, baseline state after he was frightened. This state is referred to as a. Autonomic. b. Adrenal. c. Allostasis. d. Normalcy.

c. Allostasis

An increase in _____ puzzled scientists before they were able to identify and name the HIV virus. a. Prostate cancer b. Pneumonia c. Amoebic dysentery d. Malaria

c. Amoebic dysentery

According to the Diathesis-Stress (D-S) model of disease, which two factors are necessary determinants to cause the onset of a stress-related illness? a. Physiological and psychological factors b. Sociological and physiological factors c. Biological predisposition and environmental precipitating factors d. Biological and sociocultural factors

c. Biological predisposition and environmental precipitating factors

Treatment of anorexia requires _____ attention. a. Medical b. Psychological c. Both medical and psychological d. Physiological

c. Both medical and psychological

The concept of "sympathy" demonstrates how one word can have a. Negative connotations. b. Positive connotations. c. Both positive and negative connotations. d. An effect on health outcomes.

c. Both positive and negative connotations.

Gerald has been diagnosed with Karposi sarcoma. His doctor informs him that this is a type of a. Diabetes. b. Influenza. c. Cancer. d. Pneumonia.

c. Cancer

In Chinese Traditional Medicine (CTM), Qi is similar to the body's _____ system. a. Central nervous b. Peripheral nervous c. Circulatory d. Autonomic

c. Circulatory

_____ are branch-like structures extending from the cell body that receive neurochemical messages from other cells. a. Neurotransmitters b. Axons c. Dendrites d. Fibers

c. Dendrites

Jolene most likely uses P57 as a a. A type of pain relief. b. Form of birth control. c. Diet supplement to lose weight. d. A method of curbing her nicotine cravings.

c. Diet supplement to lose weight.

HIV is a _____ cause of death. a. Latent b. Proximal c. Distal d. None of the above

c. Distal

Petraitis et al. (1995) categorized 5 theories of substance abuse as all of the following EXCEPT a. Social learning theories. b. Personality trait theories. c. Ecological theories. d. Conventional commitment theories.

c. Ecological theories.

Which of the following is NOT a core construct to the healing traditions of Native American beliefs and practices? a. Self b. Community c. Education d. Environment

c. Education

Which of the following is considered a stress hormone that helps suppress the body's immune system? a. Serotonin b. Dopamine c. Epinephrine d. Estrogen

c. Epinephrine

___ is used as a physiological indicator of stress. a. Estrogen b. Thyroxin c. Epinephrine d. Dopamine

c. Epinephrine

Stimulant drugs _____ the central nervous system. a. Relax b. Depress c. Excite d. Do not affect

c. Excite

Critics of the Diathesis-Stress (D-S) model argue that the model does not a. Include a thorough review of the biopsychosocial factors involved in the stress response. b. Specify the gender differences related to the assessment of stressful environments. c. Explain the relationship between stress and illness in the absence of preexisting vulnerabilities. d. Include psychological factors related to health outcomes.

c. Explain the relationship between stress and illness in the absence of preexisting vulnerabilities.

Approximately 6-9 months after the onset of HIV, common symptoms include a. Brittle fingernails. b. Hair loss. c. Frequent rashes. d. Difficulty breathing.

c. Frequent rashes.

____ are anti-inflammatory agents that help to prevent damage to the body's organs during times of stress. a. Adrenaline bursts b. Hormones c. Glucocorticoids d. Adrenocorticals

c. Glucocorticoids

The social ecological model is unique from other models in that it includes a. A holistic approach to behavioral change. b. Spiritual beliefs. c. Health systems and health policies. d. Quality of life issues.

c. Health systems and health policies.

A study on obesity conducted by Dabelea (2007) found that pregnant mothers diagnosed with diabetes are more likely to have babies with a. Neurological problems. b. Gastrointestinal disorders. c. Higher birth weights. d. Electrolyte imbalances.

c. Higher birth weights.

Magic Johnson's announcement that he was HIV positive was important in part because a. It helped women understand that they were at greater risk for HIV than men. b. Society realized that HIV could be easily treated. c. His announcement reinforced the fact that heterosexual males could contract the disease. d. None of the above

c. His announcement reinforced the fact that heterosexual males could contract the disease.

_____ developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS). a. Lazarus and Folkman b. Selye c. Holmes and Rahe d. Ragin

c. Holmes and Rahe

The full name of the HIV virus is a. Human immune virus. b. Human immunization virus. c. Human immunodeficiency virus. d. Human immunity virus.

c. Human immunodeficiency virus.

Emotions can affect physiological well-being through one's a. Immune systems and genetic makeup. b. Genetic traits and personality characteristics. c. Immune systems and behaviors. d. Personality features and behaviors.

c. Immune systems and behaviors.

According to the global statistics on smoking (2008), _____ has one of the largest numbers of tobacco consumers. a. Japan b. England c. India d. Brazil

c. India

Which of the following is a primary limitation of the biomedical model of health? a. It focuses on psychological rather than physiological determinants of health. b. It focuses on spiritual and emotional determinants of health. c. It focuses strictly on physiological determinants of illness. d. It is too broad because it includes biological, psychological, and social determinants of health.

c. It focuses strictly on physiological determinants of illness.

Where is curanderismo likely to be practiced? a. England b. United States c. Latin American countries d. Sweden

c. Latin American countries

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)? a. Wording problems b. Lack of differentiation between positive or negative events c. Life events are duplicated d. Inability to account for individual differences in truthfulness

c. Life events are duplicated

Julia makes approximately $42,000 annually; therefore, she is in the _____ according to the socioeconomic categorization used by researchers. a. Poor income level b. Working class c. Lower middle class d. Upper middle class

c. Lower middle class

Cold remedies, such as Sudafed and Contac, are used to manufacture a. Ecstasy. b. Cocaine. c. Methamphetamines. d. Opiates.

c. Methamphetamines.

_____ is one of the commonly abused prescription medications. a. MDMA b. Heroin c. Morphine d. Crack cocaine

c. Morphine

The fight-or-flight theory focuses on a. The socioenvironmental effects of stress. b. The body's psychological response to stress. c. The body's physiological response to stress-inducing stimuli. d. The emotional aspects of stress.

c. The body's physiological response to stress-inducing stimuli.

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding anorexia? a. The anorexic's misperception of their body is due, in part, to poor self-esteem. b. A mother's distorted perception of body size may contribute to the development of anorexia in her child. c. Negative family relationships have little to do with developing anorexia. d. Amenorrhea is common in anorexic females.

c. Negative family relationships have little to do with developing anorexia.

Hormones are similar to _____ in that they are chemical messengers that facilitate the body's communication process. a. Receptor sites b. Glands c. Neurotransmitters d. Neurons

c. Neurotransmitters

Studies of automobile accident rates involving teenagers indicate that _____ are less able to detect and avoid oncoming hazards than more experienced drivers. a. Females b. Males c. Newly-licensed drivers d. Drivers under the age of 18

c. Newly-licensed drivers

The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) is a. A scale used to measure anger management styles. b. Comprised of over 60 life events linked to stressors. c. One of the best known measures of psychosocial stress. d. A scale made up of life events ordered from least stressful to most stres

c. One of the best known measures of psychosocial stress.

Research conducted by Folkman and Greer (2002) found that cancer patients with a(n) _____ perspective, believed they could influence their situation and achieve a better outcome. a. Pessimistic b. Influential c. Optimistic d. Determined

c. Optimistic

Which of the following statements is TRUE with reference to the use of seatbelts? a. Seatbelt use has not reduced the number of fatalities in countries other than the U.S. b. The majority of adolescent drivers in the U.S. do not recognize the importance of wearing a seatbelt. c. Over 80% of drivers in the U.S. wear seatbelts. d. More people are injured in automobile accidents when they are wearing a seatbelt rather than when they are not wearing one.

c. Over 80% of drivers in the U.S. wear seatbelts

Health insurance companies and _____ have been factors in determining a person's access to appropriate medical care for HIV. a. Educational institutions b. Religious institutions c. Pharmaceutical companies d. Government agencies

c. Pharmaceutical companies

Nilsson's study on the effects of music on postoperative bypass surgery indicated that music has a beneficial _____ effect on the body. a. Physiological b. Psychological c. Physiological and psychological d. Emotional

c. Physiological and psychological

_____ examines initial substance use behaviors in the context of other problem behaviors that may occur. a. Trait theory b. Social learning theory c. Problem-behavior theory d. Conventional theory

c. Problem-behavior theory

Buffers against substance use are factors that a. Psychologically assist an adolescent with no longer using substances. b. Help an adolescent understand the treatment methods for substance addictions. c. Protect an adolescent from initiating substance use. d. All of the above

c. Protect an adolescent from initiating substance use.

National health agencies recognize that one barrier to improving health outcomes for individuals with HIV is by a. Funding more public awareness messages. b. Educating the public about ethnic differences in HIV infection. c. Providing access to life-prolonging and life-enhancing medications. d. Educating the public about methods of transmission.

c. Providing access to life-prolonging and life-enhancing medications.

DNA viruses are identified by the viral _____ code. a. CD4 b. DNA c. RNA d. T

c. RNA

For what reason does much of the research on risky behaviors focus on adolescents? a. Adults often decline participating in research on risky behaviors. b. Adolescents are more adaptable to change. c. Risky behaviors that develop in adolescence often continue into adulthood. d. Adolescents engage in more risky behaviors than do adults.

c. Risky behaviors that develop in adolescence often continue into adulthood.

The central nervous system receives and responds to information obtained through a. Autonomic receptor sites. b. Peripheral receptor sites. c. Sensory receptor sites. d. Sympathetic receptor sites.

c. Sensory receptor sites.

_____ suggested that many physical illnesses were linked to psychological causes. a. Carl Jung b. Louis Pasteur c. Sigmund Freud d. Albert Bandura

c. Sigmund Freud

___ was one of the first to propose that our psychological states influence and affect our immune functions. a. Folkman b. Fisher c. Solomon d. King

c. Solomon

One of the reasons the Working in Support of Education (WISE) program in the New York City public schools did not initially succeed was partly because a. Students often skipped the classes where HIV was being discussed. b. There were not enough financial resources to back the program. c. Some teachers felt uncomfortable teaching the material. d. Teachers refused to discuss HIV in the classroom.

c. Some teachers felt uncomfortable teaching the material.

The _____ is the final stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome. a. Alarm stage b. Stage of resistance c. Stage of exhaustion d. Fight or flight stage

c. Stage of exhaustion

Which region of the world is most seriously affected by HIV? a. Australia and New Zealand b. Asia c. Sub-Saharan Africa d. Europe

c. Sub-Saharan Africa

Which of the following does NOT occur when we encounter a stressful event? a. Pupil dilation b. Dry mouth c. Suppression of sweat glands d. Rapid heart rate

c. Suppression of sweat glands

The findings of Allen and Blascovich's (1994) study on music and surgeons' performance in the operating room concluded that stress measures were lowest and performance enhanced when a. Classical music was played. b. Rock-and-roll music was played. c. Surgeons selected the music they most enjoyed. d. There was no music in the operating room.

c. Surgeons selected the music they most enjoyed.

The Yin organs are vital to a. Initiating action. b. Cause change. c. Sustaining life. d. Balance.

c. Sustaining life.

____ are formed in the thymus. a. B cells b. Antigens c. T lymphocytes d. Epithelial cells

c. T lymphocytes

The principal barrier of the rapid tests for HIV is a. The time it takes to receive the results. b. The availability of the test. c. The cost of the test. d. The accuracy level of the test.

c. The cost of the test.

One of the reasons the public began to accept that HIV was associated with high risk behaviors was due to a. The understanding that the virus could not be transmitted among heterosexuals. b. A decline in the number of people with the virus. c. The fact that 3 sports celebrities were diagnosed with the virus. d. The case of Ryan White.

c. The fact that 3 sports celebrities were diagnosed with the virus.

Research on support networks and stress indicate that a. Specific assistance from a support network is a necessary component for effective reduction of stress. b. Social support is most useful when it is direct rather than indirect. c. The perception of an available network can serve as a buffer against stress. d. Individuals with Type-A personalities are most likely to benefit from support networks.

c. The perception of an available network can serve as a buffer against stress.

Brown and DiClemente (1992) found that adolescent's knowledge about sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) was not as influential in encouraging protective behaviors as was a. The influence of their parents' beliefs about sexual behaviors. b. Their knowledge of HIV/AIDS. c. The perception of condom use among their peers. d. Their religious beliefs.

c. The perception of condom use among their peers.

A principal complaint of Chinese Traditional Medicine (CTM) is that a. The process does not examine the effects of emotions on illness. b. The process does not address the physiological components of an illness. c. The process takes longer than when using Western medical methods. d. The process is too expensive.

c. The process takes longer than when using Western medical methods.

The three principal theories of stress focus on a. The correlation between socioeconomic factors and stress level. b. The effects of stress on one's emotional well-being. c. The relationship between stress and a physiological response that can lead to illness. d. The impact of stress on educational attainment.

c. The relationship between stress and a physiological response that can lead to illness.

One of the largest single contributors to the spread of HIV in Southeast Asia is a. Homosexual sex. b. Blood transfusions. c. The sex trade industry. d. Intravenous drug use.

c. The sex trade industry.

Research on social support and its effects on problem solving indicates that a. Social support is not as useful to problem solving as once thought. b. The two are somewhat correlated. c. There is a direct and positive effect on health. d. None of the above

c. There is a direct and positive effect on health.

According to Lazarus and Folkman, changes in a person's behavior and reassessments of perceived threats are called a. Stimulus responses. b. Coping strategies. c. Transactions. d. Fight-or-flight behaviors.

c. Transactions

The Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) is known as the a. Immunity booster. b. HIV vaccine. c. Triple drug combination. d. T cell inhibitor.

c. Triple drug combination.

_____ implemented an HIV/AIDS awareness and education campaign that involved a special product called "Clear Seven." a. Thailand b. England c. Uganda d. India

c. Uganda

One's decision to have knee replacement surgery on the basis of mobility and improved energy level rather than painful symptoms is a prime example of the _____ model of health. a. Socioeconomic b. Biopsychosocial c. Wellness d. Biomedical

c. Wellness

Positive psychology builds on the _____ model of health. a. Biopsychosocial b. Holistic c. Wellness d. Integrationist

c. Wellness

According to Chinese Traditional Medicine (CTM), health is optimal when a. Yang exceeds yin. b. Yin exceeds yang. c. Yin and yang forces are in perfect balance. d. The body is free of yin and yang forces.

c. Yin and yang forces are in perfect balance.

Which of the following is NOT one of the 4 main characteristics of adaptive immunity? a. Diversity b. Antigenic specificity c. pH balance d. Self/non-self process

c. pH balance

The primary critique of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) is that a. Physiological factors are not considered. b. The theory is too focused on the effects of environmental factors. c. The theory is unable to explain the role of psychosocial variables on illness. d. None of the above

c. psychosocial variables on illness.

Jude is prescribed opioids, which indicates he was most likely experiencing a. Heart palpitations. b. Nicotine addiction. c. Clinical depression. d. A toothache.

d. A toothache.

More than 70% of adult smokers report that they began smoking before age a. 15. b. 16. c. 17. d. 18.

d. 18.

One of the earliest known incidences of HIV was reported in a. 1965. b. 1970. c. 1973. d. 1977.

d. 1977.

One of the diagnostic variables of HIV is that the white blood cell count falls below _____ cells per microliters of blood. a. 50 b. 100 c. 150 d. 200

d. 200

As of 2006, minorities accounted for approximately _____ of all new AIDS cases in the U.S. a. 40% b. 50% c. 60% d. 70%

d. 70%

The dormant stage of HIV may last as long as _____ years. a. 2-4 b. 4-6 c. 6-8 d. 8-10

d. 8-10

According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), which person would be at highest risk for committing suicide in the U.S.? a. A 30 year old female. b. A 45 year old male. c. A 65 year old female. d. A 75 year old male.

d. A 75 year old male.

Statistics on dating violence suggest that abusive relationships a. May go undetected in the early stages of a relationship. b. Are often undetected because victims fear retaliation if they disclose the abuse. c. Are not always accurately calculated because shame prevents many victims from talking about their abusive experiences. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Stress stimulates the release of the hormone a. Cortisol. b. Glucocortoids. c. Catecholamine. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Studies on the effects of music and its effect on stress indicate that a. Music can lower blood pressure. b. Music has an effect on speed and accuracy during performance tasks. c. Music can be indirectly beneficial. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

The concept of positive psychology proposes that a. Positive emotions and personality characteristics that contribute to healthy outcomes are often overlooked in psychology. b. The omission of a "normal" healthy state prevents us from fully understanding health outcomes. c. In order to fully understand health outcomes, both positive and negative factors must be considered. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

The definition of violence includes a. Suicide. b. An intentional use of force against a community. c. Physical assault against another person. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following are potential contributing factors to teenage automobile accidents? a. Driver's age b. Other teenage passengers in the car c. Inexperience with driving d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following countries has seen a rise in eating disorders? a. China b. South Korea c. Singapore d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following countries typically uses traditional and Western medicine approaches to address individual health needs? a. China b. Ghana c. South Africa d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following factors influences positive psychological states? a. Religion and religious faith b. Interpersonal relationships c. Socioeconomic status d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following is a health consequence of bulimia? a. An imbalance of electrolytes in the body b. Damage to the lining of the esophagus c. Ulcers of the colon d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following is a warning sign that the body's immune system is beginning to fail due to the HIV virus? a. Rapid weight loss b. Dry cough c. Prolonged swollen glands d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following is an example of socioeconomic class? a. Parent's level of education and occupation b. Family's social status c. Family's income d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Which of the following substance use theories would be considered integrationist? a. Model of vulnerability b. Peer cluster theory c. Problem-behavior theory d. All of the above

d. All of the above

The _____ nervous system controls the automatic and involuntary functions that are essential for living. a. Central b. Somatic c. Sympathetic d. Autonomic

d. Autonomic

B cells are formed in the a. Nerve fibers. b. Muscles. c. Sebaceous glands. d. Bone marrow.

d. Bone marrow.

When comparing adolescents who were "regular" smokers, researchers found that _____ were more likely to report smoking up to 10 cigarettes per day than were African American males. a. Hispanic males b. Native American males c. Native American males and females d. Caucasian males

d. Caucasian males

Hydrochloride salt is a form of _____ that is processed and has been neutralized to create a powdery substance. a. Nicotine b. LSD c. Opiate d. Cocaine

d. Cocaine

Which of the following is considered a sociological factor of health? a. Personal traits b. Health behaviors c. Emotional health d. Community influences

d. Community influences

Early research on eating disorders classified the problem as a a. Problem that did not affect males. b. Rare problem among adolescent females. c. Problem among the rich and elite. d. Culture-bound syndrome.

d. Culture-bound syndrome.

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the correlation between depression and higher death rates? a. A depressed person may be more likely to engage in unhealthy behaviors. b. Depression may influence the production of epinephrine, thus suppressing the body's immune system. c. Depressed individuals may be more likely to engage in substance abuse. d. Depression may cause a significant increase in the hormone dopamine, which has been linked to higher death rates.

d. Depression may cause a significant increase in the hormone dopamine, which has been linked to higher death rates.

Conventional commitment theorists believe that weak bonds to structured systems may lead to a. A decline in positive personality traits. b. A decreased likelihood of substance use. c. Weak relationships. d. Deviant behaviors.

d. Deviant behaviors.

The least effective method of coping with stressors is the _____ style. a. Problem-focused b. Emotion-focused c. Engagement d. Disengagement

d. Disengagement

Which type of coping style is most likely to involve substance use? a. Emotion-focused b. Problem-focused c. Engagement d. Disengagement

d. Disengagement

_____ causes physical and mental abnormalities in the developing fetus when a pregnant mother abuses alcohol. a. Fetal Substance Abuse Syndrome b. Alcohol Induced Disorder c. Substance Abuse Disorder d. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

d. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

According to several research findings, _____ are the preferred group to disclose one's HIV status to. a. Parents b. Families c. Siblings d. Friends

d. Friends

Aspirin is a chemical equivalent of a. Animal fats. b. Tree sap. c. Mineral supplements. d. Ground willow bark.

d. Ground willow bark.

____ are the total number of people infected with HIV. a. HIV incidence rates b. HIV demographics c. HIV mortality rates d. HIV prevalence rates

d. HIV prevalence rates

Ryan White contracted the HIV/AIDS virus as a result of being born with a. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. b. HIV. c. Influenza. d. Hemophilia.

d. Hemophilia

HIV requires a _____ approach to treatment. a. Biological b. Psychological c. Sociological d. Holistic

d. Holistic

The _____ controls basic human needs such as sleep, hunger, thirst, and sex. a. Pancreas b. Pituitary gland c. Thalamus d. Hypothalamus

d. Hypothalamus

The leading cause of death for adolescents 16-20 years of age is a. Gun-related accidents. b. HIV/AIDS. c. Accidents related to substance use. d. Injuries from automobile accidents.

d. Injuries from automobile accidents.

How does the HIV virus affect the human body? a. It eventually causes death by cardiac arrest. b. It renders the central nervous system useless. c. It causes a buildup of hemoglobin in the blood supply. d. It attacks the body's immune system and renders it useless.

d. It attacks the body's immune system and renders it useless.

Which of the following statements is TRUE with reference to positive psychology? a. It emphasizes the need for positive role models for healthy living. b. It focuses strictly on positive influences of living. c. It strives to minimize "negative" thinking to eliminate poor health outcomes. d. It seeks to discover an optimal balance between "positive" and "negative" thinking.

d. It seeks to discover an optimal balance between "positive" and "negative" thinking.

Which of the following scientists pioneered the use of vaccines? a. Marie Curie b. Robert Koch c. Henry Campbell d. Louis Pasteur

d. Louis Pasteur

In a study conducted by Fischer et al. (1991), researchers found that children were more successful in correctly identifying Joe Camel than a. Snoopy. b. Daffy Duck. c. Bugs Bunny. d. Mickey Mouse.

d. Mickey Mouse.

Human skin is a part of the body's _____ immunity. a. Systemic b. Acquired c. Adaptive d. Natural

d. Natural

Research indicates that the drug _____ can reduce the transmission of HIV from mother to child. a. Efavinerz b. Varicella c. Cytokine d. Nevirapine

d. Nevirapine

_____ includes psychic experiences such as telepathy and psychic healing. a. Qi b. Susto c. Chinese Traditional Medicine d. Parapsychology

d. Parapsychology

Another name for "blood-borne transmission" is a. Heterosexual transmission b. Antigen transmission c. Perinatal transmission d. Parenteral transmission.

d. Parenteral transmission.

A community-based or individual medical office is called a a. Healthcare facility. b. Primary care practice. c. Home health agency. d. Point-of-care facility.

d. Point-of-care facility.

The two primary types of cognitive coping styles are a. Engagement/disengagement- and problem-focused b. Problem/emotion-focused and psychological-focused c. Engagement- and emotion-focused d. Problem/emotion-focused and engagement/disengagement-focused

d. Problem/emotion-focused and engagement/disengagement-focused

____ are examples of environmental factors that contribute to substance use. a. Attitudes and behaviors of family and friends b. Personal beliefs c. Religious values d. Product advertisements

d. Product advertisements

Omar recently passed his driver's license test. He has been given a license to drive only during the daytime and without teenage passengers. This type of license is called a a. Stipulated driving license. b. Driving permit. c. Limited driving license. d. Provisional driving license.

d. Provisional driving license.

Illnesses that have underlying emotional or psychological causes are called a. Curandero. b. Biopsychosocial. c. Folklore. d. Psychosomatic.

d. Psychosomatic.

One of the functions of the endocrine system is to a. Increase the production of serotonin when stress occurs. b. Serve as a biological liaison between the autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system. c. Release neurotransmitters throughout the body. d. Respond to stress.

d. Respond to stress.

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPAC) system is responsible for a. Monitoring the production of epinephrine in the body. b. Producing stress hormones to cope with incoming stressors. c. Stimulating the body when a stimulus is detected. d. Restoring the body to its baseline state after a stressor.

d. Restoring the body to its baseline state after a stressor

HIV is a type of _____ virus. a. DNA b. RNA c. T cell d. Retro

d. Retro

Which of the following theorists was one of the pioneers of the concept of positive psychology? a. Adler b. Bandura c. Park d. Seligman

d. Seligman

According to Lazarus, which of the following is an example of a household hassle? a. Being lonely b. Financial responsibilities c. Neighborhood deterioration d. Shopping

d. Shopping

The opening story about Michael and Lucinda's decision to place Sarah in a nursing home demonstrates the effects of a. Individual traits on physical and emotional health. b. Mental health issues on family members. c. Individual stressors on physical health. d. Social environmental stressors on psychological and physical health problems.

d. Social environmental stressors on psychological and physical health problems.

One of the criticisms of positive psychology is that a. The concept does not include the effects of gratitude and forgiveness on health outcomes. b. The concept does not apply to children. c. Researchers disagree on the definition of "positive." d. Some researchers argue that the "happiness" approach seems insubstantial.

d. Some researchers argue that the "happiness" approach seems insubstantial.

Ryan has been going through a great deal of stress at work. He has recently developed an ulcer because of the stress. According to Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), Ryan is in the a. Alarm stage. b. Stage of resistance. c. Stimulus stage. d. Stage of exhaustion.

d. Stage of exhaustion.

The _____ is responsible for mobilizing the body in frightening situations. a. Parasympathetic nervous system b. Autonomic nervous system c. Somatic nervous system d. Sympathetic nervous system

d. Sympathetic nervous system

T lymphocytes are comprised of all but the following cells: a. T cytotoxis b. T helper c. T suppressor d. T memory

d. T memory

How does the ecological model of health differ from the concept of well-being? a. Only the ecological model offers a holistic view of health. b. The psychological functioning of a person is unimportant to the ecological model. c. The concept of well-being includes policy determinants of health. d. The ecological model includes physical environmental factors as well as health policies.

d. The ecological model includes physical environmental factors as well as health policies.

The work of Thomas Southward Smith and Sir Edwin Chadwick supports a. The cognitive-affective model of health. b. The notion that a holistic approach is the most effective means of assessing health outcomes. c. The importance of spirituality in health outcomes. d. The role of health policy as a determinant of health.

d. The role of health policy as a determinant of health.

A study by Heijmans et al. (2004) found that participants with one of 10 chronic diseases were most anxious about a. The type of treatment they would be receiving. b. Becoming dependent on another person. c. The financial effects of their illness. d. The unpredictable consequences of their disease.

d. The unpredictable consequences of their disease.

People who exhibit a generally negative affect have a _____ personality. a. Type 1 b. Type B c. Type C d. Type D

d. Type D

For individuals between the ages of 1 and 44, _____ pose the greatest health risks. a. Automobile accidents b. Violent outbursts c. Intentional injuries d. Unintentional injuries

d. Unintentional injuries

Results of a 20-year longitudinal study (Walda et al., 2002) concluded that diets high in fruit and _____ decreased the incidences of death due to COPD. a. Starch b. Vitamin A c. Monounsaturated oils d. Vitamin E

d. Vitamin E

Research statistics indicate that alcohol use is increasing among a. Women and men equally. b. Middle-aged women only. c. Men and adolescent females. d. Women and older adults.

d. Women and older adults.

Of the character strengths most strongly correlated with life satisfaction, _____ involves approaching life with excitement and energy. a. Creativity b. Hope c. Prudence d. Zest

d. Zest