Chapter 5 Human Development

According to the research conducted by Vandewater, Shim, & Caplovitz in 2004, heavy amounts of video gaming--but not TV viewing--are associated with being ______ in children. A. overweight B. blind C. depressed D. violent

A. overweight

A pediatrician is assessing nine-month-old Chiara's motor development, which involves observing changes in Chiara's _____________. A. physical movement and body control B. emotional relationships with her parents and siblings C. peer relationships and status D. ability to see clearly and to recognize numbers

A. physical movement and body control

According to Erik Erikson, a(n) _____________ is an opportunity for adaptive or maladaptive adjustment. A. identity crisis B. sensorimotor stage C. pruning D. neural migration

A. identity crisis

With reference to the strange situation experiment conducted by Mary Ainsworth, ________________ infants cannot be comforted by the mother on reunion and show difficulty in returning to play. A. insecure-resistant B. insecure-avoidant C. insecure-disorganized D. insecure-disoriented

A. insecure-resistant

____________ can be defined as the process by which events in the womb alter the development of physical and psychological health. A. Prenatal programming B. Neuron migration C. Pruning D. Generativity

A. Prenatal programming

The key event that distinguishes the embryonic stage from the third stage, the fetal stage, is the formation of the ___________. A. bone cells B. zygote C. brain D. blastocyst

A. bone cells

Harry Harlow said that _____________ is as essential a function of nursing in humans as is nutrition. A. contact B. protection C. attention D. training

A. contact

Entrance into Piaget's preoperational stage of development is marked by ____________. A. emergence of symbolic thought B. development of abstract reasoning C. an understanding of conservation D. the ability to reason scientifically

A. emergence of symbolic thought

Problems that require finding relationships, understanding implications, and drawing conclusions all require ______________ intelligence. A. fluid B. alternative C. crystallized D. amorphous

A. fluid

When a child recognizes that objects continue to exist, even when they are no longer in sight, they have mastered the concept that Piaget referred to as: A. object permanence. B. object conservation. C. pruning. D. reversibility.

A. object permanence.

The anterior cingulate will show the strongest activity when _____________. A. talking on cell phones B. exposed to violence in video games C. engaged in challenging Mensa puzzles D. texting in the classroom

B. exposed to violence in video games

On average, girls reach puberty at about age ______________. A. 9 B. 11 C. 13 D. 15

B. 11

Adolescence is the transition period between childhood and early adulthood, beginning at about age 11 or 12 and lasting until around age _____________. A. 15 B. 18 C. 22 D. 25

B. 18

Beginning at age _____, children are quite mobile, able to get around, speak in sentences, and have motor coordination which allows them to draw and write. A. 1 B. 3 C. 9 D. 12

B. 3

By age ____________, a child's vision becomes similar to an adult's. A. 1 or 2 B. 3 or 4 C. 5 or 6 D. 8 or 9

B. 3 or 4

________________ is a degenerative disease marked by progressive cognitive decline with symptoms including confusion, memory loss, mood swings, and eventual loss of physical function. A. Down's syndrome B. Alzheimer's disease C. Schizophrenia D. Bipolar disorder

B. Alzheimer's disease

Which of the following is the correct order of the stages of Piaget's principles of cognitive development, from earliest to latest? A. Preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational, concrete operational B. Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational C. Preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor D. Sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational

B. Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Some evidence suggests that ______________ might offset or even prevent the kind of neural degeneration seen in Alzheimer's and other age-related brain disorders. A. pruning B. neurogenesis C. neural migration D. individuation

B. neurogenesis

During complex and demanding tasks, teens ________________. A. distribute the workload evenly throughout the brain B. overload their frontal lobes C. distribute the workload evenly between abducens nucleus and globose nucleus D. overload their flocculonodular lobe

B. overload their frontal lobes

When a blood vessel that serves the brain is blocked, the brain tissue served by that vessel does not receive the oxygen and nutrients it needs, and so the tissue dies. This is referred to as _____________. A. Parkinson's disease B. a bipolar disorder C. a stroke D. Alzheimer's disease

C. a stroke

Having close, intimate friends during adolescence is more likely to be associated with _____________. A. poorer performance in school B. more conflicts with authority figures C. feelings of self-worth in adulthood D. more conflicts with parents

C. feelings of self-worth in adulthood

A baby begins to move its limbs in the ____________ stage of development. A. germinal B. embryonic C. fetal D. blastocyst

C. fetal

The ______________ stage of prenatal development begins 8 weeks after conception. A. germinal B. embryonic C. fetal D. blastocyst

C. fetal

Becky, who is pregnant, will most likely feel the fetus moving for the first time at about ____________ after conception. A. one to two months B. two to three months C. four to six months D. seven to eight months

C. four to six months

Erik Erikson proposed that in midlife one confronts the crisis between ____________. A. career and family B. intimacy and isolation C. generativity versus stagnation D. creativity and conventionality

C. generativity versus stagnation

The ____________ stage of development begins at conception and lasts for two weeks. A. embryonic B. fetal C. germinal D. cephalocaudal

C. germinal

With reference to the strange situation experiment conducted by Mary Ainsworth, ______________ infants show odd, conflicted behaviors in the strange situation. A. insecure-resistant B. insecure-avoidant C. insecure-disoriented D. insecure-attached

C. insecure-disoriented

According to Erik Erikson's theory of personality development, the conflict of old age is between _________________. A. intimacy and isolation B. career and family C. integrity and despair D. generativity and stagnation

C. integrity and despair

Erik Erikson defined ______________ as the ability to fuse one's identity with another's without the fear of losing it. A. pruning B. rewiring C. intimacy D. object permanence

C. intimacy

Three-year-old Devesh gets upset because he believes his sister's glass has more juice than his glass does. Both of them have the same amounts of juice but Devesh is confused because of the difference in the shape of their juice glasses. According to Piaget, this would be an example of Devesh's: A. egocentrism. B. animistic thinking. C. lack of conservation. D. lack of understanding of object permanence.

C. lack of conservation.

The term ______________ refers to our knowledge and ideas of how other people's minds work. A. cognitive programming B. pruning C. theory of mind D. animistic thinking

C. theory of mind

Quinn, who is in pre-school, was the only child to see the teacher take crackers out of the cracker box and fill the box with potato chips instead. When asked what the other children will expect to find in the cracker box, Quinn says "potato chips." This response is evidence that Quinn lacks: A. object permanence. B. conservation. C. theory of mind. D. egocentrism.

C. theory of mind.

Philip Shaw and colleagues in 2006 demonstrated that the brains of highly intelligent children, as compared to the brains of children with average intelligence, have a _____________. A. thicker frontal cortex at age seven B. thinner cortex at age nine C. thicker frontal cortex at midadolescence D. thinner cortex at age nineteen

C. thicker frontal cortex at midadolescence

As compared to musicians, nonmusicians have ___________. A. larger cerebellums B. more neurons C. thinner corpus callosum D. fewer synapses

C. thinner corpus callosum

According to Kohlberg, postconventional moral reasoning is based on: A. avoidance of punishments. B. the social consequences of an action. C. universal moral principles. D. individual moral temperaments

C. universal moral principles.

One cognitive benefit of aging is ____________, the ability to live well, know what is important, and use good judgment. A. fluid intelligence B. wisdom C. bodily-kinesthetic intelligence D. crystallized intelligence

B. wisdom

Although much brain development has happened by the time of emerging adulthood, the brain continues to change and grow. The prefrontal cortex continues to develop and fibers there are increasingly _____________, which facilitates neural communication. A. rewired B. migrated C. myelinated D. pruned

C. myelinated

Gray matter is a measure of the number of ___________. A. axons B. myelins C. neurons D. lobes

C. neurons

Synaptic pruning refers to the process during which: A. the rarely used synapses die off to make the brain more efficient. B. children develop egocentrism. C. the size of the frontal lobe increases. D. new synapses are formed in order to accommodate newer knowledge and scientific thought.

A. the rarely used synapses die off to make the brain more efficient.

When a sperm fertilizes an egg, the resulting single cell is known as a(n) _________. A. zygote B. fetus C. blastocyst D. embryo

A. zygote

Twelve-year-old Allen argues that, "If Shamus is a man, and all men are mortal, then Shamus is mortal." Based on the information given in this statement, which of the following is most likely to be true about Allen? A. Allen is in the concrete operational stage of development of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. B. In this stage, Allen's logic remains concrete and limited to objects that he directly observes. C. Allen is in the formal operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. D. Allen can perform mental operations—on real, or concrete, objects and events—but still has trouble with abstract ideas and reasoning.

C. Allen is in the formal operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

Which of the following statements is true about identical twins? A. Twins are identical mainly due to dizygotic fertilization. B. In the womb, up to 5% of identical twins develop their own placenta. C. Identical twins develop from one fertilized egg. D. Identical twins turn out to be vastly different from each other in their personalities, intelligence, illness, and disease histories.

C. Identical twins develop from one fertilized egg.

The female gonads are called _____________. A. vagina B. fallopian tubes C. ovaries D. uteri

C. ovaries

_______________ is a movement disorder caused by brain damage at birth. A. Schizophrenia B. Bipolar disorder C. Cerebral palsy D. Osteoporosis

C. Cerebral palsy

Mary Ainsworth studied infant attachment with a procedure known as the ____________. A. prison study B. obedience experiment C. strange situation D. line judgment task

C. strange situation

The defining anatomical feature of Alzheimer's is ____________. A. the presence of bromelain in the brain B. the absence of synapses in the frontal cortex C. the presence of patches of dead tissue in the brain D. the absence of neurons in the posterior cortex

C. the presence of patches of dead tissue in the brain

Which of the following is most likely to reduce cognitive decline with aging? A. Reading in early childhood B. Sleeping for more than 8 hours every day C. Exercising D. Playing a musical instrument

C. Exercising

Which of the following is most likely to cause mental retardation, low birth weight, and behavioral problems to a developing baby? A. Anorexia nervosa B. Diarrhea C. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) D. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

C. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

Tevy and Gellert are convinced that their baby will be able to recognize their voices and familiar songs at birth if they begin singing and talking to their baby before it is born. At which stage of prenatal development should Tevy and Gellert expect their baby to be able to respond to these sounds? A. Blastocyst stage B. Embryonic stage C. Fetal stage D. Zygote stage

C. Fetal stage

______________ intelligence involves raw mental ability, pattern recognition, and abstract reasoning and is applied to a problem that a person has never confronted before. A. Crystallized B. Alternative C. Fluid D. Amorphous

C. Fluid

During playtime, Jamal's mother hid his toy under a blanket. Jamal, who is 9 months old, reacted to this by looking for his toy under the blanket. According to Piaget, Jack has developed ___________. A. seriation B. transduction C. object permanence D. hypothetico-deductive reasoning

C. object permanence

With the onset of puberty and adolescence, children begin to focus on ____________. A. egocentrism B. developing their animistic thinking C. the questions of who they are D. motor skills

C. the questions of who they are

Find the correct statement about the embryonic stage: A. It begins immediately after the zygote divides. B. It begins when the fertilized egg is a single-celled zygote. C. It starts at the moment of implantation. D. It is marked by the formation of the major organs.

D. It is marked by the formation of the major organs.

In the teen years, _____________ start to replace parents as a source of identification. A. teachers B. seniors C. siblings D. peers

D. peers

According to Kohlberg, a person who is at the ______________ level of moral development acknowledges both the norm and the law, but argues that there are universal moral rules that may trump unjust or immoral local rules. A. concrete operational B. preconventional C. functional operational D. postconventional

D. postconventional

Which of the following statements is true regarding fetal vision? A. Vision gets fully developed during the germinal stage. B. By 13 to 15 weeks after conception, the vision of the fetus is very much like that of an adult. C. At birth, infants are far-sighted. D. Fetuses do not open their eyes when in the womb.

D. Fetuses do not open their eyes when in the womb.

Which of the following glands sends hormonal signals to the sex glands, telling them to mature? A. Parathyroid B. Adrenaline C. Alveolar D. Pituitary

D. Pituitary

Pregnancy sickness occurs most commonly with exposure to foods susceptible to molds and to ____________ substances. A. sweet B. spicy C. salty D. bitter

D. bitter

During their studies in 2009, Aberg and colleagues found positive correlation between ______________ and better cognitive scores. A. vision B. muscular strength C. size of the anterior lobe D. cardiovascular fitness

D. cardiovascular fitness

The ___________ takes the longest amount of time to develop. A. heart B. intestine C. liver D. central nervous system

D. central nervous system

According to the model of temperament developed by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, the ________________ child is predictable in daily functions, is happy most of the time, and is adaptable. A. difficult B. conventional C. slow-to-warm-up D. easy

D. easy

Karen has been using her stethoscope for many days to listen to her fetus' heartbeat. Today, for the first time, she detected her fetus' heart beat. Karen must be at least _____________ weeks pregnant. A. two B. five C. six D. eight

D. eight

According to research, video games can _____________. A. enhance mathematical skills in adolescents B. impair linguistic skills C. impair motor skills D. enhance cognitive skills such as visual tracking

D. enhance cognitive skills such as visual tracking

The _____________ are the last areas of the brain to fully develop, and they continue to mature until late adolescence or early adulthood. A. abducens nuclei B. medulla oblongata C. globose nuclei D. frontal lobes

D. frontal lobes

Erik Erikson defined _______________ as the creation of new ideas, products, or people. A. pruning B. neural migration C. prenatal programming D. generativity

D. generativity

During the development of a fetus, the ___________ develops about a week after the brain. A. skull B. liver C. intestine D. heart

D. heart

Young brains are more flexible because they have less __________. A. gray matter B. number of neurons C. number of axons D. myelin

D. myelin

According to Piaget, animistic thinking is a characteristic of the ___________ stage of cognitive development. A. sensorimotor B. formal operational C. concrete operational D. preoperational

D. preoperational

According to Piaget, egocentrism is a characteristic of the _____________ stage of cognitive development. A. sensorimotor B. formal operational C. concrete operational D. preoperational

D. preoperational

Which of the following is an example of animistic thinking? A. A child believes that a tree is smiling and waving its limbs. B. A child is unable to distinguish between the names of two animals. C. A child cannot recognize that quantities remain the same even when shapes change. D. A child realizes that objects still exist even when they are not being sensed.

A. A child believes that a tree is smiling and waving its limbs.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the formal operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development? A. During this stage formal logic becomes possible. B. This is the second stage of cognitive development. C. Typically, children between the ages of 2 to 4 years are in this stage. D. During this stage children learn the concept of object permanence.

A. During this stage formal logic becomes possible.

Which of the following statements is true about pruning? A. Problems with neural pruning may result in neurological disorders, such as autism or schizophrenia. B. Pruning is usually independent of the quality of the environment in which the brain develops. C. Neural pruning results in the huge increase in the number of neurons and stimulates the unused neurons. D. Normal and enriched environments create less developed neural connections.

A. Problems with neural pruning may result in neurological disorders, such as autism or schizophrenia.

According to the model of temperament developed by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, which of the following statements is true regarding the difficult child? A. The difficult child is slow to adapt to new situations. B. The difficult child is happy most of the time. C. The difficult child is predictable in daily functions D. The difficult child is mildly irregular in the daily patterns of eating, sleeping, and eliminating.

A. The difficult child is slow to adapt to new situations.

Nathan's uncle asks him whether Chihuahua is to dog as flamingo is to bird. Which of the following statements is true about this scenario? A. This is an example of a problem for which Nathan requires crystallized intelligence. B. This problem can be answered by Nathan using raw mental ability and abstract reasoning. C. Neither culture nor vocabulary influence Nathan's ability to answer this problem. D. Nathan's ability to answer this problem does not depend on his learning and education.

A. This is an example of a problem for which Nathan requires crystallized intelligence.

Most developmental psychologists place ______ between the ages of 40 and 60 or 65. A. middle adulthood B. late adulthood C. emerging adulthood D. early adulthood

A. middle adulthood

When Cathy was asked to respond to the Heinz dilemma developed by Kohlberg, she said, "Although it is legally wrong, Heinz should steal the drug to save his wife's life. But he also has to be willing to suffer the consequences and go to jail if need be." According to the theory of moral reasoning developed by Kohlberg, Cathy is at the _______________ stage of moral development. A. postconventional B. preconventional C. concrete operational D. preoperational

A. postconventional

Eniko is currently 8 months old. According to Piaget's stages of cognitive development, she is in the ______ stage of cognitive development. A. sensorimotor B. preoperational C. concrete operational D. formal operational

A. sensorimotor

Which of the following is most likely to be a risk factor for dementia? A. Age B. Gender C. Ethnicity D. Social class

A. Age

Which of the following terms can be defined as the willful and repeated harm inflicted through the medium of electronic text? A. Cyberbullying B. Phishing C. Pruning D. Brandjacking

A. Cyberbullying

_____________ is the tendency to view the world from one's own perspective and not see things from another person's perspective. A. Egocentrism B. Object permanence C. Animistic thinking D. Pruning

A. Egocentrism

In which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development does abstract and scientific reasoning develop? A. Formal operational B. Preoperational C. Concrete operational D. Sensorimotor

A. Formal operational

Which of the following is true about integrity in of the context of Erik Erikson's theory of personality development? A. Integrity is the sense that all of one's life decisions are coming together. B. Integrity is being informed and knowledgeable about life. C. Integrity is the creation of new ideas, products, or people. D. Integrity is the ability to fuse one's identity with another's without the fear of losing it.

A. Integrity is the sense that all of one's life decisions are coming together.

In which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development does object permanence develop? A. Sensorimotor B. Preoperational C. Concrete operational D. Formal operational

A. Sensorimotor

Which of the following is true about pregnancy sickness? A. The body has its own built-in toxin detector called pregnancy sickness. B. Pregnancy sickness is worst during the second trimester of pregnancy. C. Foods such as cheese and mushrooms help reduce pregnancy sickness. D. Pregnancy sickness is also known as "evening sickness."

A. The body has its own built-in toxin detector called pregnancy sickness.

Which of the following senses develops to a greater extent after birth as compared to the fetal stage? A. Vision B. Hearing C. Taste D. Smell

A. Vision

Which of the following statements is true regarding white matter? A. White matter is made up of the axons and myelin. B. White matter starts to decline in adolescence. C. Development of white matter is completed in the embryonic stage. D. White matter is a measure of the number of neurons.

A. White matter is made up of the axons and myelin.

Which of the following is the correct order of prenatal development—from the earliest stage to the latest stage? A. Zygote, germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage B. Embryonic stage, germinal stage, fetal stage, zygote C. Germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage, zygote D. Fetal stage, zygote, germinal stage, embryonic stage

A. Zygote, germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage

According to Jung, individuation is the process by which: A. a person's personality becomes whole and full. B. neurons move from one part of the brain to their more permanent home. C. unused synapses die off to make the brain more efficient. D. the individual becomes more self-focused than oriented toward others and does not contribute in a productive way to society or family.

A. a person's personality becomes whole and full.

Elizabeth Kübler-Ross (1969) detailed the stages people may move through after learning they are going to die and found their last stage in dealing with the end of life is ____________. A. acceptance B. depression C. anger D. denial

A. acceptance

Low levels of the neurotransmitter ________________ inhibit memory formation in people with Alzheimer's disease. A. acetylcholine B. dopamine C. serotonin D. norepinephrine

A. acetylcholine

Mothers who _______________ are more likely to have infants who are temperamentally "difficult" and "fussy." A. are depressed or anxious B. develop infections such as the flu towards the end of their pregnancy C. consume less than the required amount of folic acid D. develop gestational diabetes

A. are depressed or anxious

According to Erik Erikson, during one's 20s, the primary conflict is between ___________. A. intimacy and isolation B. career and family C. integrity and despair D. generativity and stagnation

A. intimacy and isolation

As compared to nonmusicians, musicians have _________. A. larger cerebellums B. fewer neurons C. thinner corpus callosum D. more white matter

A. larger cerebellums

If a mother contracts an infection, such as flu, at four to six months of pregnancy, this can increase the chance that the child will develop _____________ later in life. A. schizophrenia B. Huntington's disease C. anorexia nervosa D. anemia

A. schizophrenia

Babies born prematurely—who would otherwise still be developing in the womb—prefer ______________ flavors to other flavors. A. sweet B. salty C. sour D. bitter

A. sweet

The male gonads are called ______________. A. testes B. thymus C. penises D. adrenals

A. testes

According to Erik Erikson, stagnation occurs when: A. the adult becomes more self-focused than oriented toward others. B. neurons move from one part of the brain to their more permanent home. C. unused synapses die off to make the brain more efficient. D. events in the womb alter the development of physical and psychological health.

A. the adult becomes more self-focused than oriented toward others.

Kohlberg (1981) developed the "Heinz Dilemma" to assess ___________. A. the development of moral reasoning in children B. the physical development of children less than 5 years of age C. the cognitive ability of children D. the development of linguistic ability in children

A. the development of moral reasoning in children

Between 8 and 12 weeks into development, ____________. A. the heartbeat of the fetus can be detected with a stethoscope B. the vision of the fetus is fully developed C. the neurons connecting the ear to the brain of the fetus are completely developed D. the taste buds of a fetus are completely developed

A. the heartbeat of the fetus can be detected with a stethoscope

Identify the correct statement about multitasking among teens. A. Heavy multitasking teens are able to filter out more irrelevant information than any other age group in any given situation. B. As novice drivers, teens require more attention to complete the tasks of safely operating and navigating a motor vehicle. C. While driving and using a hands-free cell phone, the reaction time and coordination of teens is much better than someone who is legally drunk. D. Light multitaskers are less likely to get distracted while working on problem-solving tasks.

B. As novice drivers, teens require more attention to complete the tasks of safely operating and navigating a motor vehicle.

Which of the following statements is true about Alzheimer's disease? A. Early-onset of Alzheimer's affects people younger than 35. B. Currently, the only way Alzheimer's can be diagnosed definitively is by examining brain tissue after death. C. Alzheimer's accounts for only 10%-20% of the cases of dementia among the elderly. D. Alzheimer's is non-progressive, and hence its fatality level is low.

B. Currently, the only way Alzheimer's can be diagnosed definitively is by examining brain tissue after death.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the concrete operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development? A. Typically, children between ages 2 and 4 are in this stage. B. During this stage, logic remains concrete and limited to objects that a child directly observes. C. According to Piaget, this is the last stage of cognitive development. D. During this stage, children learn the concept of object permanence.

B. During this stage, logic remains concrete and limited to objects that a child directly observes.

Which of the following is true of the effects of musical training? A. It reduces neural activity in the hippocampus. B. Neuroplastic effects of musical training last well into adulthood. C. The earlier the musical training begins, the lesser is the degree of activation of the left-auditory cortex. D. It has always caused brain growth.

B. Neuroplastic effects of musical training last well into adulthood.

Which of the following is the level of moral reasoning which, as proposed by Kohlberg, appears to be limited to Western cultures? A. Functional operational level B. Postconventional level C. Preoperational level D. Conventional level

B. Postconventional level

Which of the following statements is true about aerobic exercising? A. Such brisk physical activity is usually dangerous to the heart and lungs and can cause death among adults and aged people. B. Research suggests that it can actually make the brain grow. C. It fails to meet the body's increased need for oxygen. D. It results in decline in higher mental processing of an individual.

B. Research suggests that it can actually make the brain grow.

Which of the following statements is true about brain development during adolescence? A. Brain development starts in adolescence, with the frontal lobes being the first part of the brain to develop. B. The brain develops more myelin around the axons as well as more neural connections. C. Animistic thinking begins during adolescence. D. Egocentrism is the hallmark of brain development in adolescence.

B. The brain develops more myelin around the axons as well as more neural connections.

Arnett calls the phase between adolescence and young adulthood ____________, which spans the ages 18-25 years. A. primary adulthood B. emerging adulthood C. early adulthood D. preliminary adulthood

B. emerging adulthood

In which of the following stages of prenatal development does the formation of arms and legs occur? A. Germinal stage B. Embryonic stage C. Fetal stage D. Blastocyst stage

B. Embryonic stage

____________ is the sex hormone that initiates the growth of breasts, widening of hips, and increase in body fat in girls. A. Testosterone B. Estradiol C. Leptin D. Oxytocin

B. Estradiol

Which of the following statements is true regarding gray matter? A. Increase in gray matter volume suggest pruning. B. Gray matter starts to decline in adolescence. C. Gray matter continues to grow into one's 40s. D. Gray matter consists of axons and myelin.

B. Gray matter starts to decline in adolescence.

Which among the following is the clearest marker of reaching adulthood? A. Animistic thinking B. Having a child C. Symbolic thinking D. Graduating

B. Having a child

Which of the following senses is almost fully developed at birth? A. Vision B. Hearing C. Touch D. Smell

B. Hearing

Which of the following is true of Piaget's preoperational stage of cognitive development? A. Object permanence begins to develop during this stage. B. Lack of conservation is one of the features of this stage. C. Children gain the ability to reason about abstract concepts and problems during this stage. D. This stage is marked by the development of the ability to reflect upon one's thinking.

B. Lack of conservation is one of the features of this stage.

Which of the following is true about dementia? A. Aging is a necessary and sufficient cause of dementia. B. Neurological conditions such as strokes can lead to dementia among the elderly. C. Dementia can lead to multiple strokes among the elderly. D. Pruning in early childhood is a significant cause of dementia in late adulthood.

B. Neurological conditions such as strokes can lead to dementia among the elderly.

Which of the following is most likely to increase the risk of stillbirth? A. Prescription drugs taken during pregnancy B. Nicotine exposure from maternal smoking C. Lack of vitamin B12 and folic acid in the mother's diet D. Developing an infection during pregnancy

B. Nicotine exposure from maternal smoking

_____________ marks the beginning of adolescence. A. Symbolic thinking B. Puberty C. Animistic thinking D. Egocentrism

B. Puberty

Which of the following fetal reactions indicates attention, interest, or orienting response on the part of the fetus? A. Increased rate of neuron development B. Slowed heart rate C. Turning over of the fetus D. Greater frequency of kicking

B. Slowed heart rate

Four-year-old Edana thinks it is raining because the clouds are sad and crying. According to Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Edana is demonstrating ____________ in this scenario. A. matter conservation B. animistic thinking C. egocentrism D. social referencing

B. animistic thinking

teratogen is: A. a brain region responsible for the ability to speak. B. any substance that disrupts normal prenatal development. C. a weak brain synapse that disappears at around age six. D. a vital nutrient that helps a fetus develop properly.

B. any substance that disrupts normal prenatal development.

Bevin and Essien's obstetrician tells them that their baby has entered the fetal stage. The key event that distinguishes this stage from the embryonic stage is the development of ___________ in their baby. A. brain B. bone cells C. limbs D. external genitalia

B. bone cells

The _____________ is the first major organ to form in a developing fetus. A. heart B. brain C. liver D. kidney

B. brain

Jean Piaget pioneered theories in ____________ development. A. emotional B. cognitive C. language D. moral

B. cognitive Hey this is who I'm studying for the PLT!

According to Piaget, children acquire the ability to conserve during the ___________ stage of cognitive development. A. sensorimotor B. concrete operational C. preoperational D. formal operational

B. concrete operational

Knowledge that one has gained from experience and learning, education, and practice, is called ______________ intelligence. A. amorphous B. crystallized C. alternative D. fluid

B. crystallized

The second stage of prenatal development begins at about two weeks after conception. At this point, the growing bundle of cells is called a(n) __________. A. blastocyst B. embryo C. fetus D. zygote

B. embryo

One longitudinal study evaluated 1,000 New Zealand children over an 18-year period to try to understand what childhood temperament predicts about adult personality and behavior. Eighteen years after the initial assessment, the individuals whose parents had classified them as undercontrolled at age 3 were likely to _____________. A. be nonassertive and over anxious B. engage in thrill-seeking behaviors C. suffer from prolonged depression D. attempt suicide

B. engage in thrill-seeking behaviors

The formation of the brain, spinal cord, heart, ears, eyes, and palate takes place in the ___________ stage of development. A. cephalocaudal B. fetal C. embryonic D. germinal

C. embryonic

Tiffany Field and her colleagues (1986) conducted an experiment to determine whether regular touch might help tiny premature infants. During the experiment she found that the babies who received touch therapy _____________ than those who did not. A. cried less B. gained significantly more weight C. slept significantly more D. fell ill more frequently

B. gained significantly more weight

According to Erik Erikson, parenting, starting a business, and creating a work of art are examples of ____________. A. neural migration B. generativity C. individuation D. stagnation

B. generativity

Some animals, especially birds, follow and imitate the first large creature they see immediately after birth. This behavior is called ____________. A. pruning B. imprinting C. animistic thinking D. egocentrism

B. imprinting

According to the strange situation experiment conducted by Mary Ainsworth, ______________ infants often show little to no distress in separation episodes, and when the mother returns, the infants tend to ignore and avoid her, focusing instead on something else in the room. A. insecure-resistant B. insecure-avoidant C. insecure-disoriented D. insecure-disorganized

B. insecure-avoidant

According to the theory of moral reasoning developed by Kohlberg, ____________ level is the least developed level of moral reasoning. A. concrete operational B. preconventional C. formal operational D. postconventional

B. preconventional

Johnny says he will not drive above the speed limit simply because he does not want to pay the cost of a speeding ticket. Based on this information, it can be concluded that Johnny is operating at the _____________ stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning. A. sensorimotor B. preconventional C. concrete operational D. preoperational

B. preconventional

According to Piaget, children move into the ____________ stage of cognitive development at around age 2 and this period lasts until about age 5 or 6. A. sensorimotor B. preoperational C. concrete operational D. formal operational

B. preoperational

When asked where the sun goes at night, 4-year-old Kiet explains to his dad that it goes to sleep. Later that day, Kiet gets upset because he believes his sister's glass contains more juice than his glass. Both glasses actually contain the same amount of juice, but Kiet is confused because of the tall and thin shape of his sister's glass. From these instances, we can say that Kiet is in the ____________ stage of Piaget's cognitive development. A. sensorimotor B. preoperational C. concrete operations D. formal operations

B. preoperational

With learning and experience certain synaptic connections become stronger, whereas those that do not receive stimulation from the environment die off. This process is known as ___________. A. cognitive programming B. pruning C. rewiring D. enriching

B. pruning

Children begin to interact socially during play at about age ____________. A. two B. three C. four D. five

B. three

The sense that is least well developed in the fetus is ___________. A. taste B. vision C. hearing D. touch

B. vision

Nine-month-old Terrell is screaming and crying because his mother has dropped him off at the day care. He displays this distress each time she leaves him. Terrell is likely experiencing _____. A. preoperational thinking B. secure attachment C. object permanence D. separation anxiety

C. object permanence

On average, boys reach puberty at about age ______________. A. 9 B. 11 C. 13 D. 15

C. 13

Which of the following age groups is most influenced by technology? A. Infants B. Babies C. Adolescents D. Elderly adults

C. Adolescents

Which are the biggest predictors of hearing loss? A. Social class and gender B. Profession and social class C. Ethnicity, cultural environment, and gender D. Age, gender and profession

C. Ethnicity, cultural environment, and gender

______________ is by far the most popular form of technology used in infancy. A. Computer B. Cellphone C. Video game D. Television

D. Television

_______________ focus on the overall needs of the patient and family members, such as physical comfort, emotional care, and a dignified death. A. Hospitals B. Intensive care units C. Hospices D. Diagnostic centers

C. Hospices

Which of the following is a primary problem of adolescence? A. In boys, the event that signals readiness to reproduce is menarche. B. Boys are not able to engage in scientific reasoning and hypothesis testing. C. In boys and girls, the body is ready for parenthood far earlier than the mind is. D. Boys and girls do not gain the ability to reason about abstract concepts and problems.

C. In boys and girls, the body is ready for parenthood far earlier than the mind is.

Which of the following reactions displayed by a fetus indicates fear or distress? A. Decreased blood pressure B. Increased rate of pruning C. Increased heart rate D. Increased rate of neuron development

C. Increased heart rate

Which of the following terms refers to the fatty insulation that makes nerve impulses travel faster? A. Plasmalogen B. Cephalin C. Myelin sheath D. Choline

C. Myelin sheath

Which of the following occurs after the frontal lobes have developed more fully? A. Animistic thinking increases. B. Heart rate decreases. C. Scientific thinking becomes possible. D. The possibility of developing anorexia nervosa increases.

C. Scientific thinking becomes possible.

Lee, who is thirteen, is experiencing new growth of facial and pubic hair, a deepening of his voice, and a widening of his shoulders. Which of the following hormones is responsible for these developments? A. Leptin B. Estrogen C. Testosterone D. Oxytocin

C. Testosterone

Which of the following is true about late adulthood? A. Late adulthood begins around age 55. B. The numbers of neurons (gray matter) increases in late adulthood. C. The older brain does not change as rapidly as the younger brain, but it remains dynamic. D. The kind of memory involved in processing and maintaining information while making decisions strengthens in late adulthood.

C. The older brain does not change as rapidly as the younger brain, but it remains dynamic.

Which of the following statements is true regarding myelination? A. The process of myelination is complete before the age of 10. B. Myelination proceeds from the front of the brain to the back. C. The rate and locations of myelination differs between boys and girls. D. In boys, the increased white matter organization occurs in the right hemisphere.

C. The rate and locations of myelination differs between boys and girls.

In an experiment conducted by Gjerde & Cardilla in 2009, children were assessed at age 3 and 4 on the dimension of openness to new experiences. Then the same children were assessed again at ages 18 and 23. The study indicated that the open and imaginative young girls tended to become _____________ young women. A. self-assured and flexible B. highly career oriented C. anxious and self-doubting D. emotionally sterile and calculating

C. anxious and self-doubting

In human development, ______________ refers to the strong emotional connection that develops early in life to keep infants close to their caregivers. A. cognition B. imprinting C. attachment D. sublimation

C. attachment

According to the Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children between the age of 6 to 11 are in the ______________ stage. A. preoperational B. formal operational C. concrete operational D. sensorimotor

C. concrete operational

During Piaget's third stage of cognitive development, called the concrete operational stage (ages 6-11), children ____________. A. gain the ability to systematically solve problems without resorting to trial and error B. gain the ability to reason about abstract concepts and problems C. develop the ability to perform mental operations on real, or concrete, objects and events D. develop the ability to realize that objects still exist when they are not being sensed

C. develop the ability to perform mental operations on real, or concrete, objects and events

Nine-year-old Jen has learnt to control her tears when she is in a social gathering. She also knows when it is appropriate to smile in public. Based on this information, it can be said that Jen has _____________. A. developed social referencing B. achieved object permanence C. developed emotional competence D. mastered animistic thinking

C. developed emotional competence

Piaget and Inhelder (1967) designed the 'three mountains task' to measure young children's ______________. A. individuation B. object permanence C. egocentrism D. animistic thinking

C. egocentrism

According to Piaget, mastering object permanence is the hallmark of the ___________ stage of cognitive development. A. concrete operational B. formal operational C. sensorimotor D. preoperational

C. sensorimotor

The __________________ glands are also called gonads. A. parathyroid B. adrenaline C. sex D. alveolar

C. sex

Infants cannot see as well as adults until they are at least ___________ months old. A. two B. four C. six D. eight

C. six

According to the model of temperament developed by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, the _____________ child is mildly intense in his or her reactions to new situations and mildly irregular in the daily patterns of eating, sleeping, and eliminating. A. difficult B. conventional C. slow-to-warm-up D. easy

C. slow-to-warm-up

According to Kohlberg, how would a child whose thought is at the conventional level of moral reasoning respond to the Heinz dilemma? A. "Heinz should steal the drug! Who cares?" B. "Heinz should not steal the drug because he will be caught and sent to jail." C. "Heinz should steal the drug and not worry about punishment because it is the right thing to do." D. "Heinz should not steal the drug, because stealing is wrong."

D. "Heinz should not steal the drug, because stealing is wrong."

A fetus begins to respond to sound around _____________ weeks after conception. A. 8 B. 12 C. 18 D. 26

D. 26

By the age of ______________, babies can discriminate between fearful and happy faces. A. 2 years B. 3 months C. 1 year D. 7 months

D. 7 months

_______________ accounts for 60-70 percent of the cases of dementia among the elderly. A. Bipolar disorder B. Schizophrenia C. Down syndrome D. Alzheimer's disease

D. Alzheimer's disease

____________ is the ability to recognize that when some properties (such as shape) of an object change, other properties (such as mass) remain constant. A. Egocentrism B. Object permanence C. Animistic thinking D. Conservation

D. Conservation

Which of the following statements is true regarding crystallized intelligence? A. Crystallized intelligence involves raw mental ability, pattern recognition, and abstract reasoning. B. Neither culture nor vocabulary influence crystallized intelligence. C. Typically, crystallized intelligence is applied to a problem that a person has never confronted before. D. Crystallized intelligence is strengthened in middle adulthood.

D. Crystallized intelligence is strengthened in middle adulthood.

_______________ is an unusual degree of loss in cognitive functions and includes memory problems and difficulty reasoning, solving problems, making decisions, and using language. A. Bipolar disorder B. Cerebral palsy C. Huntington's disease D. Dementia

D. Dementia

With reference to the stages of cognitive development introduced by Piaget, which of the following statements is true regarding the preoperational stage? A. During this stage children develop scientific reasoning and hypothesis-testing skills. B. This stage is characterized my mastering object permanence. C. Typically, children between the ages of 6 months to 1 year are in this stage. D. During this stage children cannot recognize that amounts stay the same when shapes change.

D. During this stage children cannot recognize that amounts stay the same when shapes change.

Which of the following is true of human brain development? A. It is complete during the embryonic stage. B. It is complete during the fetal stage. C. It is complete at birth. D. It continues after birth.

D. It continues after birth.

Which of the following occurs by day seven after conception? A. The sex of the embryo is determined and appropriate genitalia develop. B. Major organs like the heart, kidneys, and the brain begin to develop. C. The sperm attaches itself to the female and egg and forms a zygote. D. The blastocyst travels down the fallopian tube and attaches to the uterine wall.

D. The blastocyst travels down the fallopian tube and attaches to the uterine wall.

Which of the following is true regarding alcohol consumption of the mother during pregnancy? A. 1 to 2 drinks per day is known as a safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. B. A maximum of 4 drinks per month is known as a safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. C. 1 drink on an occasional basis is known as a safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. D. There is no known safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy.

D. There is no known safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy.

Myelination proceeds from the _____________ during the period from childhood to adolescence. A. bottom of the brain to the top B. top of the brain to the bottom C. frontal lobes to the back of the brain D. back of the brain to the frontal lobes

D. back of the brain to the frontal lobes

According to Piaget, in the ______________ stage of cognitive development, logic is limited to what a child can directly observe. A. sensorimotor B. formal operational C. preoperational D. concrete operational

D. concrete operational

Elizabeth Kübler-Ross (1969) detailed the stages people may move through after learning they are going to die and found their first stage in dealing with the end of life is ___________. A. bargaining B. depression C. anger D. denial

D. denial

Gibson and Walk's classic visual cliff experiment on infants was designed to assess infants' ____________. A. brain-to-eye size ratio B. ability to recognize faces C. ability to detect colors D. depth perception

D. depth perception

With reference to the strange situation experiment conducted by Mary Ainsworth, the _____________ classification is considered the most insecure because the infant's fear of their attachment figure inhibits the development of a strategy for effective regulation of stress. A. insecure-attached B. insecure-avoidant C. insecure-resistant D. insecure-disorganized

D. insecure-disorganized

In an experiment conducted by Gjerde & Cardilla in 2009, children were assessed at age 3 and 4 on the dimension of openness to new experiences. Then the same children were assessed again at ages 18 and 23. The study indicated that the open and imaginative young boys tended to become ______________ young adults. A. self-doubting B. extremely emotional C. anxious D. self-assured and flexible

D. self-assured and flexible

By ____________ months, many babies can sit by themselves, without any help. A. two B. three C. four D. six

D. six

Epigenetics is the study of how ____________. A. a genetic disorder is passed on to sons but not to daughters B. an individual gets affected by a recessive disorder C. a dominant gene becomes resistant to change D. the environment affects gene expression

D. the environment affects gene expression

By 13 to 15 weeks after conception, ___________. A. the head of the fetus has grown to 70% of its adult weight B. the vision of the fetus is fully developed C. the neurons connecting the ear to the brain are complete D. the taste buds of a fetus look very much like an adult's

D. the taste buds of a fetus look very much like an adult's

Psychologists created the false-belief task to determine when children develop ___________. A. egocentrism B. animistic thinking C. object permanence D. theory of mind

D. theory of mind

According to Erik Erikson's theory of personality development, the core strength of old age is ________________. A. emotional intelligence B. exuberance C. lack of fear D. wisdom

D. wisdom