Chapter 5 Lipids
Which statements are true about omega-6 fatty acids?
-The first carbon-carbon double bond is on the sixth carbon from the methyl end of the carbon chain. -They are also called polyunsaturated fatty acids.
How many Kilocalories are in one gram of fat?
9
Lipids are a diverse group of chemical compounds. Which of the following properties do all types of lipids have in common?
Do not readily dissolve in water
glycerol
a 3-carbon alcohol
A long-chain fatty acid is defined as
a fatty acid that contains 12 or more carbon atoms in length.
The main sources of saturated fat in American diets are
animal fats.
fats
are composed of both saturated and unsaturated
fatty acid
chain of carbons flanked (bordered) by hydrogens
______________ fatty acids must be supplied by the diet, whereas ______________ fatty acids can be synthesized by the body and do not need to be supplied by the diet.
Essential; nonessential
What is the recommendation for trans fat intake according to the Food and Nutrition Board?
Limit intake, consume sparingly.
_________________ of the fatty acids in butter are saturated.
Most
Foods high in monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fats are typically ________________ at room temperature.
liquid
fatty acids
long chain of carbons, surrounded by hydrogens -acid group -methyl group
essential fatty acids
look in your notes
North American diet
mayonnaise, margarine, whole milk
________________ is a cholesterol-rich substance deposited in the blood vessels.
Plaque
Which of the following has only carbon-carbon single bonds?
Saturated fatty acid
_____________________ are the major form of lipids found in foods and in the human body.
Triglycerides
True or false: Linoleic acid is an essential omega-6 fatty acid.
True
sterol
multi-ringed compound with a hydroxyl group
saturated fatty acid
no carbon-carbon double bond
Mediterranean diet
olive oil, fish, nuts
A compound containing a multi-ring structure and a hydroxyl group is a
sterol
polyunsaturated fatty acid
two or more carbon-carbon double bonds
An omega-3 fatty acid is
unsaturated.
The Food and Nutrition Board recommends that at least __% of total calories come from essential fatty acids.
5
Linoleic acid is an omega-___ fatty acid; alpha-linolenic acid is an omega-___ fatty acid.
6;3
trans
hydrogens on opposite sides (limit intake)
cis
hydrogens on same side
diastolic blood pressure
pressure in the arterial blood vessels when the heart is between beats
Most foods containing saturated fatty acids are ______________ at room temperature.
solid
Heart disease is the _________ leading cause of death among North American adults.
#1
If a food manufacturer sets out to reduce the fat content of a cookie, the food scientists will need to consider
-changes in the flavor of the food product. -changes in the texture of the food product.
What are some examples of foods that contain cholesterol?
-lean ground beef -eggs -turkey
What are some examples of foods that are considered high in fat?
-salad oils -butter -margarine -mayonnaise
Steps of dietary fat absorption:
1. Glycerol, monoglycerides, and fatty acids are absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine into the small intestinal cells. 2. Triglycerides are reassembled within the cells lining the small intestine. 3. Triglycerides are packaged into chylomicrons. 4. Chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system.
What is the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for lipids according to the Food and Nutrition Board?
20-35% of total calories
triglycerides
3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol
Why are the chemical structures of trans and saturated fatty acids similar?
Both contain a straight molecular structure.
_________ fatty acids, which are a byproduct of hydrogenation of vegetable oils, are similar to saturated fatty acids in structure and physiological effects.
Trans
Linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid are both
essential fatty acids.
The three-carbon alcohol that forms the backbone of a triglyceride is
glycerol
phospholipid
glycerol backbone with fatty acids and at least one phosphorus-containing group
triglyceride
glycerol backbone with three fatty acids
trans fatty acid
hydrogens are found on the opposite side of the carbon-carbon double bond
cis fatty acid
hydrogens are found on the same side of the carbon-carbon double bond
A ______________________ is a type of lipid that contains a glycerol backbone, two fatty acids, and a phosphorus group.
phospholipid
systolic blood pressure
pressure in the arterial blood vessels associated with pumping of the blood from the heart
To protect cardiovascular health, the Food and Nutrition Board specifically recommends limiting intake of _______________ and _________________.
trans fatty acids and saturated fatty acids
Which of the following is the body's most efficient form of stored energy?
triglycerides
Which of the following are true about essential fatty acids?
-They are unable to be synthesized by body. -Omega-6 fatty acids increase inflammation and blood clotting. -Omega-3 fatty acids reduce inflammation and blood clotting.
How are the different types of fatty acids distinguished?
-position of carbon-carbon double bonds along the skeleton -number of carbon-carbon double bonds along the skeleton -length of the carbon skeleton
Which of the following substances are types of lipids?
-saturated fatty acids -triglycerides -cholesterol
monounsaturated
1 double bond
polyunsaturated
multiple double bonds
Essential fatty acids
must be obtained from the diet.
monounsaturated fatty acid
one carbon-carbon double bond
