Chapter 5: Lipids
Arrange the following foods from lowest percentage of kcal from fat (at the top of the list) to highest percentage of kcal from fat (at the bottom of the list)
1. Bread 2. Whole milk 3. Cheddar cheese 4. Canola oil
List the steps of the development of atherosclerosis In the artery starting with arterial damage and ending with a heart attack
1. Damage occurs in blood vessel lining 2. Plaque is deposited at the site of initial damage 3. As plaque accumulates, arteries harden, narrow, and loose elasticity 4. Clot or spasm in a plaque-clogged artery leads to a heart attack
One bowl of chicken tortilla soup has 5 g of fat, which means the food provides__________kilocalories from fat
45
The AHA recommends reducing transfers and limiting structured fat to no more than __________ of total calories
5% to 6%
Linolenic acid is an omega-__________ fatty acid; alpha-linolenic acid is and omega-____________ fatty acid
6;3
What is a triglyceride?
A molecule consisting of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol
Three fatty acids combine to glycerol to form
A triglyceride
What are some ways to limit trans fat intake at home?
Use vegetable oil's or softer tube margarines instead of stick margin or shortening, use reduced-fat or fat-free milk instead of non-dairy creamer's, and broil, pan-fry, or grill meat instead of deep-fat frying with shortening
Which of the following are types of lipoproteins?
VLDL, LDL, and HDL
Which lipoproteins are made by the liver?
Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)
What are some examples of antioxidant additives used to protect foods against rancidity?
Vitamin E, vitamin C, BHA, and BHT
Choose two nutrient dense food sources of alpha-linolenic acid
Walnuts and flax seeds
Why is reduced-fat foods contain the same, or similar, amount of calories as their preference foods?
When fat is removed, sugar is usually added to maintain a palatable flavor and texture, usually resulting in similar energy dense
High-fat foods
Can be included in a healthy eating pattern if they are balanced with low-fat foods
Essential fatty acids__________ be synthesize in the body
Cannot
When the__________ in polyunsaturated fatty acids breakdown, rancid by products occur
Carbon- carbon double bonds
LDL (function)
Carries cholesterol made by the liver and from other sources to cells
Chylomicron (function)
Carries dietary fat from the small intestine to cells
Choose characteristics of a low-density lipoprotein
Carries primarily cholesterol, transports cholesterol to the tissues, and link to cardiovascular disease risk
Fatty acids (chemical structure)
Chain of carbon flanked by hydrogens
If a food manufacturer sets out to reduce the fat content of a coffee, the food scientists will need to consider
Changes in the flavor of the food product and changes of the texture of the food product
How can you identify hand side in a food product?
Check the list of ingredients
What are some examples of food sources that contain cholesterol?
Chicken, eggs, Turkey, lean ground beef, and ice cream
Choose a lipid that can't be synthesized by the body?
Cholesterol
Enzymes released by the pancreas break__________ down to free cholesterol in fatty acids
Cholesterol
Plant oils are always__________- free
Cholesterol
Sterol (common example)
Cholesterol
What are some components of plaque?
Cholesterol, calcium, and white blood cells
what are some of the diet and lifestyle recommendations from the American Heart Association?
Choose whole-grain foods, limit your intake of saturated fat, and be physically active
Glycerol (destination in the body)
Circulates back to liver
Glycerol (Products of chylomicron metabolism)
Circulates back to the liver
Reduce cholesterol
Contains 25% less cholesterol than the reference food and no more than 2 g saturated fat per serving
Saturated fatty acid
Contains no carbon-carbon double bonds
HDL (function)
Contributes to cholesterol removal from cells and excretion from the body
Polyunsaturated fat (type of fat with its food source)
Corn oil, fish oil, sunflower oil, and safflower oil
Which of the following food ingredients indicate the presence of fat in a food product?
Cream, lard, eggs, and shortening
Omega-3 (with its correct effect on blood clotting and inflammation)
Decrease blood clotting and inflammation
The American Heart Association recommends implant oils rather than animal fats and food preparation to
Decrease saturated fat intake
What are some health benefits associated with consuming a diet high in omega-3 fatty acids?
Decreased Blood triglyceride levels, reduce inflammation, and reduced risk of heart disease
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (health effects associated with consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids)
Decreases blood levels of cholesterol
What are some examples of the types of food highly susceptible to rancidity?
Deep-fried foods, high-fat foods with a large exposed surface area, and fatty fish
People who have impaired fat absorption (e.g., cystic fibrosis patients) may be at risk for
Deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins
Formed from the breakdown of triglycerides, a __________consists of two fatty acid bound to a glycerol backbone
Diglyceride
What are some warning signs of a heart attack?
Dizziness, jar, neck, shoulder pain, chest pain, and shortness of breath
Lipids are a diverse group of chemical compounds. Which of the following properties to all types of lipids have in common?
Do not readily dissolve in water
Triglycerides are used as the primary energy source by muscle
During low-intensity physical activity and when the body is at rest
Choose the correct statements about how the food you eat affects your blood lipoproteins
Eating saturated fats entrance fats raises total cholesterol and particularly LDL and dietary cholesterol does not have a big impact on the levels of HDL and LDL in the blood
The main sources of saturated fat in American diets are
animal fats
How does cholesterol affect digestion of fats in the small intestine?
as a component of bile, it emulsifies fats
Current cholesterol-lowering medications act to
bing to cholesterol in the GI tract and reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver
VLDL (function)
carries lipids made and taken up by the liver to cells
A major function of phospholipids (e.g., lecithin) in foods is to act as an
Emulsifier
Linoleic acid and alpha-linoleic acid are both
Essential fatty acids
What deficiency would you suspect a a person has flaking itchy skin, diarrhea, and poor wound healing with infections?
Essential fatty acids
Just because a food is high in fat does not mean it is unhealthy. Some high fat foods, such as plant oils and nuts, should be included in the diet because they are sources of
Essential fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins
___________ fatty acids must be supplied by the diet, whereas__________ fatty acids are synthesized by the body and do not need to be supplied by the diet
Essential; nonessential
What does it mean when a fatty acid is considered essential?
it must be supplied by the diet in order to maintain health
True or false: high fat foods cannot be included in a healthy, well-balanced Dietary Pattern
False
True or false: the majority of fatty acids in the body and in foods are short chain fatty acids
False
Adding water, protein, gums, or fiber to a food are examples of products manufacturers use to replace
Fat
What are some of the positive attributes of fat in the diet?
Fat imparts A creamy texture to foods and many flavors are fat soluble, so fat enhances the flavor of foods
Long-chain saturated fat (type of fat with its food source)
Fat in beef, pork, lamb, and lard
A molecule with a long chain of carbons bonded together in flanked by hydrogens with an acid group on one end and the methyl group on the other end is called a
Fatty acid
What are the by-products of phospholipid digestion?
Fatty acids, phosphorus compounds, and glycerol
Linoleic acid (correct bonding scheme)
First carbon-carbon double bond is at the six carbon from the methyl end
Alpha-linoleic acid (correct bonding scheme)
First carbon-carbon double bond is at the third carbon from the methyl end
Oleochemicals acid (correct bonding scheme)
First carbon-carbon double bond that is the ninth carbon from the methyl end
Choose food sources of alpha-linolenic acid - The essential omega-3 fatty acid
Flaxseeds and walnuts
Lipid- loaded white blood cells that have surrounded large amounts of a fatty substance, usually cholesterol, on the blood vessel walls are called
Foam cells
Which of the following are functions of phospholipids in the body?
Formation of cell membranes,absorption and transport of nutrients, and digestion of fats
Phosplolipid (chemical structure)
Glycerol backbone with fatty acids and at least one phosphorus- containing group
Phospholipid (chemical structure)
Glycerol backbone with three fatty acids
Phospholipids and triglycerides have similar chemical structure is, but phospholipids
Have one phosphate -containing group in place of one fatty acid
__________-density lipoprotein is considered the "good" cholesterol
High
What are some of the risk factors for cardiovascular disease?
High blood cholesterol, family history of cardiovascular disease, smoking, and hypertension
The cholesterol manufactured by the body is used to make
Hormones and bile acids
__________ is the process of adding hydrogens to unsaturated fat, which makes a liquid fat more solid at room temperature
Hydrogenation
Trans fatty acid
Hydrogens are found on opposite sides of the carbon-carbon double bond
What are some deficiency symptoms experience with an adequate consumption of essential fatty acids?
Impaired wound healing, flaky/itchy skin, and growth restriction
Which of the following are functions of cholesterol?
Incorporated into cell structures, synthesis of bile acids, and synthesis of certain hormones
What is the primary health risk associated with a high intake of trans fat?
Increase risk of heart disease
How does meeting the recommendation for fatty fish consumption decrease the risk for heart attack?
Increased intake of omega-3 fatty acids in fatty fish reduces inflammation and increased intake of omega-3 fatty acids in fatty fish reduces the formation of blood clots
Why is it necessary to alter baking recipes when low-fat substitutes are being used (I.e., low-fat margin as opposed to butter)?
Increased water content alters texture and volume
Omega-6 (with its correct effect on blood clotting and inflammation)
Increases blood clotting and inflammation
Saturated fatty acids (Health effects associated with consumption of saturated fatty acids)
Increases blood levels of cholesterol
The layer of triglycerides beneath the skin serves to
Insulate the body
Typical warning signs of a heart attack include
Intense, prolonged chest pain or pressure, sometimes radiating to the other parts of the upper body, irregular heartbeat, and shortness of breath
Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
Involves removal removal of a vein to replace or bypass a blocked artery
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
Involves the insertion of a balloon catheter into the artery to crush a lesion
Which statements are true about diglyceride?
It consists of two fatty acids bonded to a glycerol backbone and It is the breakdown product of a triglyceride
How does the body respond when it is attempting to store fat and is existing that cells are "full"?
It forms new adipose cells
Phospholipid (common example)
Lecithin
___________ is a phospholipid and a major component of the cell membrane
Lecithin
What are some ways to minimize trans fat intake?
Limit consumption of fried foods, limit consumption of pastries, and limit consumption of cookies
Fatty acid (common example)
Linoleic acid
Which fatty acids is considered essential fatty acids?
Linoleic acid and alpha-linoleic acid
The enzyme __________plays an important role in fat digestion
Lipase
The gastric__________ enzyme release in the stomach acts primarily on triglycerides that have fatty acids with short-chain lengths
Lipase
Fat digestion is rapid and thorough in the small intestine under what "right" circumstances?
Lipase breaks triglycerides down to monoglycerides in free fatty acids and bile is released from the gallbladder
Due to the high energy density (9 kcal pre gram)__________ are the ideal form of energy storage for the body
Lipids
Oils rich in unsaturated fatty acids are typically__________ at room temperature
Liquid
__________-density lipoprotein is considered the "bad" cholesterol
Low
Some margarine spreads that contain plant sterols may
Lower blood cholesterol
North American diet (popular sources of dietary fat)
Mayonnaise, margarine, whole milk
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans, the American Heart Association, in the Food and Nutrition Board recommended that trans fat intake should be
Minimal (I.e., less than 1% of total energy intake)
Formed from the breakdown of triglycerides, a __________consist of one fatty acid attached to a glycerol background
Monoglyceride
A teaspoon of stick margarine has__________ trans fatty acids than a teaspoon of tube margarine
More
Foods made by polyunsaturated fats are __________ likely to produce a rancid odor and taste
More
__________ of the fatty acids in butter are saturated
Most
Cholesterol
Multi-ring structure
Sterol (type of lipid with its correct chemical structure)
Multi-ring structure with a hydroxyl group
Sterol (chemical structure)
Multi-ringed computer d with a hydroxyl group
Essential fatty acids
Must be obtained from the diet
Partially hydrogenated oils are
No longer "generally recognized as safe" for use in human food
Cholesterol free
No more than 2 mg of cholesterol per serving
Low cholesterol
No more than 20 mg of cholesterol and no more than 2 g of saturated fat per serving
How are different types of fatty acids distinguished?
Number of carbon-carbon double bonds along the skeleton, position of carbon-carbon double bonds along the skeleton, and length of the carbon skeleton
What type of oil is considered a good source of monounsaturated fat?
Olive oil
What are some good food sources of monounsaturated fats?
Olive oil, canola oil, and peanut oil
Monounsaturated fat (type of fat with its food source)
Olive oil, canola oil, peanut oil
Mediterranean diet (popular sources of dietary fat)
Olive oil, fish, nuts
Fatty fish provide eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which are two __________ that are important for brain and heart health
Omega-3 fatty acids
__________ transport lipids from the small intestine and liver to body tissues
lipoproteins
Lipoproteins are transport vehicles for lipids in the bloodstream. In the structure of the lipoprotein, phospholipids form the
Outer shell
In 2015, the FDA determined that__________ are no longer "generally recognized as safe" than use in human food products
Partially hydrogenated oils
In the listing of ingredients on a food level, the presence of__________ is an indication that a product is a source of trans fats
Partially-hydrogenated oil
What are some examples of foods that are cholesterol-free?
Peanut butter, vegetable oil, margarine, and vegetable shortening
What are some good food sources of phospholipids?
Peanuts, organ meats, and soy beans
A__________ is a type of lipid made of a glycerol back bone, two fatty acids, and phosphorus- containing group
Phospholipid
Glycerol, fatty acids, and phosphorus-containing parts of all byproducts of__________ digestion
Phospholipids
Working as emulsifiers, important to the proper function of the nervous system, and having the ability to be soluble in fat and water are all functions of
Phospholipids
__________ are important for fat digestion and absorption because they help to emulsify lipids in chyme
Phospholipids
__________ form the structure of the lipid bilayer of cell membranes
Phospholipids
Which of the following are functions of HDL cholesterol in the blood stream?
Picks up cholesterol from dying cells in other sources and donates cholesterol to other lipoprotein for transport back to liver for excretion
Phytosterols is a plant chemicals that can reduce blood cholesterol. They can be found in
Pistachios and sunflower seeds, specialty margarines and salad dressings, and pill form
Systolic blood pressure
Pressure in the arterial blood vessels associated with pumping of the blood from the heart
Diastolic blood pressure
Pressure in the arterial blood vessels when the heart is between beats
What are some examples of fat replacements use my food manufacturers to reduce fat while maintaining taste and texture?
Proteins, starch derivatives, and gums
What are some examples of the roles of fats and foods?
Provide flavor, provide favorable mouth feel, and provide texture
Preparing meals with plant oils, such as oil oil, rather than animal fats, such as butter, is one way to improve the fat__________ of your diet
Quality
__________ reduces the shelflife of a product creating a problem for the food industry and restaurants. To prevent the problem, manufacturers add partially hydrogenated plant oils to products
Rancidity
Phytosterols are plant chemicals that
Reduce his cholesterol infection in the small intestine
Omega-3 fatty acids (health effects associated with consumption of omega-3 fatty acids)
Reduces inflammation responses, blood clotting, and triglycerides
Long-chain fatty acids (how they are absorbed and transported)
Reform into a triglyceride in the intestinal absorption cell and travels through the lymphatic system
Chylomicron remnant (destination in the body)
Removed from circulation by the liver and recycled to make other lipoproteins and bile acids
Chylomicron remnant (Products of chylomicron metabolism)
Removed from circulation by the liver in recycle to make other lipoproteins and bile acids
What are some examples of foods that are considered high in fat?
Salad oils, butter, margarine, and mayonnaise.
What are some examples of food slow in trans fats, cholesterol, and saturated fats in high in mono- and polyunsaturated fats?
Salmon and walnuts and grilled skinless chicken
Compared to plant oils, animal sources of fat are typically higher in
Saturated fat
To protect cardiovascular health, major health authorities recommend limiting intake of __________and___________
Saturated fatty acids and trans fatty acids
Which of the following substances are types of lipids?
Saturated fatty acids, triglycerides, and cholesterol
Promote heart health,
Select more plant sources of fat than animal sources of fat
Rich food sources of plant sterols include
Sesame seeds, wheat germ, and pistachio and sunflower seeds
Choose the three fish species that are highest in mercury
Shark, swordfish, king mackerel, tilefish, marlin, orange roughy, and bigeye, or ahi, and tuna
What are some examples of foods that may contain partially hydrogenated (trans) fats?
Shortening, French fires, and stick margarine
How does fat influence the enjoyment of foods?
Some flavor compounds dissolve in fat and fat imparts a rich, creamy texture to foods
What are some examples of oils that serve as good sources of polyunsaturated fat?
Soybean oil, corn oil, and safflower oil
What class of lipids me serve as precursors for hormone synthesis?
Sterols
What do you food manufacturers add to fat-free or reduced-fat food products to improve flavor?
Sugar
What is added to reduced-fat foods to come and see it for the loss of taste and texture when fat is removed?
Sugar and salt
Which of the following is the body's most efficient form of stored energy?
Triglycerides
__________ are the major form of lipids found in foods in in the human body
Triglycerides
True or false: dietary fats consist of a complex mixture of several different types of fatty acids
True
True or false: the CLA or natural trans fats decrease the risk of heart disease, cancer, and obesity
True
True or false: the process of oxidation usually changes the shape and/or function of a substance
True
Phospholipid
Two fatty acids and a phosphate-containing group bound to glycerol
Choose the functions of phospholipids
Unique ability to be soluble in water inside, participates in fact I just seen by working as an emulsifier, and important or the proper function of the nervous system
Fatty acids contain-carbon carbon double bonds are considered__________ fatty acids
Unsaturated
__________ are most susceptible to rancidity because they contain many carbon-carbon double bonds
Unsaturated fats
What chemical feature of Sterols distinguishes them from other classes of lipids?
multi-ring structure
Monounsaturated fatty acid
one carbon-carbon double bond
Most foods containing saturated fatty acids are ____________ at room temperature.
solid
Polyunsaturated fatty acid
two or more carbon-carbon double bonds
An omega-3 fatty acid is
unsaturated
Heart disease is the __________leading cause of death among North American adults
#1
Place the steps of dietary fat absorption in the order they occur, with a first stab at the top of the list in the last step at the bottom of the list
1. Glycerol, monoglycerides, and fatty acids are absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine into the small intestinal cells 2. Triglycerides are reassembled within the cells lining the small intestine 3. Triglycerides are packaged into chylomicrons 4. Chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system
List the steps of fat digestion and absorption starting in the mouth (top of the list) and ending at the small intestine (bottom of the list)
1. Some lipase is released by the salivary glands and stomach 2. Salivary lipase and gastric lipase begins digesting short-chain fatty acids in the stomach 3. Bile emulsifies the fats 4. Pancreatic lipase digest long-chain fatty acids and triglycerides 5. Triglycerides are broken down and absorbed in the small intestine
Choose the blood pressure readings that are considered healthy
118/72 mm Hg; 106/68 mm Hg
Long-chain fatty acids contain________ or more carbon atoms
12
What is the American Heart Association's recommendations for weekly fish consumption?
2 or more servings of fatty fish
Risk for cardiovascular disease is high when total cholesterol is over__________ mg/dl
200
The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range set by the Food and Nutrition Board of lipids is percent __________% to __________% of kilocalories
20;35
Free fatty acids ( destination in the body)
Absorbed by cells and used for fuel or reformed into triglycerides for storage
Free fatty acids (products of chylomicron Metabolism)
Absorbed by cells and used for fuel or reformed into triglycerides for storage
Choose the two approaches to treating heart disease that have been shown to cause a reversal of atherosclerosis in the body
Aggressive LDL-lowering medications and vegan diet and lifestyle changes that are part of Dr. Dean Ornish program
What is the structure and function of glycerol molecules?
An alcohol containing three carbons; it is the backbone of a triglyceride molecule
__________serve to stop the damage done to cells by oxidation
Antioxidants
Choose examples of a diet plan that is low in trans fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, and high and mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids
Avoid non-dairy creamer's, substitute vegetable oils and softer tube margarines for stick margarine or shortening, use peanut, safflower, and canola oil's, and avoid foods with partially hydrogenated vegetable as one of the first three ingredients on the food label
What are some examples of foods you would recommend to a heart patient or client with cardiovascular disease who is currently consuming the average North American diet?
Baked sweet potatoes, salmon, tuna, mackerel, walnuts, and whole grains
Avocados are classified as
Berries
__________acts to emulsify fats in the small intestine, suspending them and digestive juices to enhance the action of digestion enzymes
Bile acids
myocardial infarction
Blood flow surround in the heart is blocked resulting is damage to the heart muscle
Cerebrovascular accident
Blood flow to parts of the brain is blocked resulting in the death of brain cells
Lipoprotein lipase Breaks down triglycerides in the
Blood vessels
In what way are the chemical structures of trans and saturated fatty acid similar?
Both have a straight shape
Fats and oils contain mixtures of various fatty acids. Which of the following food items are high in saturated fatty acids?
Butter, cheeseburger, and coconut oil
Which statements are true about omega-6 fatty acids?
They are also called unsaturated fatty acids and the first carbon-carbon double bond is on the sixth carbon from the methyl end of the carbon chain
Why are triglycerides ideal for fat storage?
They are energy dense and they are chemically stable
Which statements are true about sterols?
They can be produced by the body, cholesterol is a common example, and they contain a multi-ring structure
Choose the true statements about avocados
They can be substituted 1:1 for butter in recipes for baked goods and they are rich in monounsaturated fatty acid
Women often have high HDL, forwarding them some protection against cardiovascular disease until
They smoke or have diabetes and menopause
If the first double bond on an unsaturated fatty acid starts__________ carbons from the methyl end of the fatty acid, it is an omega-3 fatty acid
Three
Triglyceride (type of lipid with its correct chemical structure)
Three fatty acids attached to the glycerol backbone
Triglyceride
Three fatty acids bound to glycerol
__________ fatty acids, Which are a byproduct of hydrogenation a vegetable oil 's, or similar to saturated fatty acids in structure and physiological effects
Trans
__________ unsaturated fatty acids are similar to saturated fatty acids with regard to shape and function
Trans
What happens to a food product when it becomes hydrogenated?
Trans fatty acid content is increased and the molecular shape of the fats in the food resembles saturated fats
short and medium-chain fatty acids (how they are absorbed and transported)
Travels as water-soluble molecule through the portal vein to the liver
A__________ is made of three fatty acids attached to glycerol
Triglyceride
Lipids in foods and in the body are mostly in the form of
Triglycerides
Megadoses of nicotinic acid, a form of a B vitamin, can lower
Triglycerides
What are the products of fat digestion in the small intestine?
fatty acids and monoglycerides
Cis fatty acid
hydrogens are on the same side of the carbon-carbon double bond
What are the components of a phospholipid molecule?
phosphorus-containing molecule and glycerol backbone
