Chapter 5 MGMT

Work-Family Conflict

A special form of work conflict in which the demands of a work role hinder the fulfillment of the demands of a family role( or vise versa)

What are the steps a company uses to reduce stress in the workplace?

Assessment, Reducing stressors, providing resources, and reducing strains.

What are the two methods of coping?

Behavioral coping and Cognitive coping

What type of employees tend to have higher family to work or work to family conflicts?

Employees who are strongly embedded in their work organizations and communities.

Primary Appraisal

Evaluation of whether a demand is stressful and, if it is, the implications of the stressor in terms of personal goals and well-being. "Is this stressful?"

What are the two types of focuses in reference to coping?

Problem Focused Coping and Emotion focused coping

Time Pressure

Refers to a strong sense that the amount of time you have to do a task is just not quite enough

Role Ambiguity

Refers to the lack of information about what needs to be done in a role, as well as unpredictability regarding the consequences of performance in that role. EX: This is like when employees are asked to work on a project with very few instructions or guidelines on how things are supposed to be done.

________ _______ sort of stress is more prevalent than both _____ ____ and _____ _____.

Role Overload, Role conflict, Role ambiguity

The transactional theory of stress attempts to explain stress in terms of three components: perception, ______ , and response.

appraisal

Assessment

as known as stress audit. Managers ask questions about the nature of the jobs in their organization to estimate whether high stress levels may be a problem

Hindrance stressors have a ______ ______ relationship with job performance.

weak negative. Hindrance stressors result in strains and negative emotions that reduce the overall energy and attention that people could otherwise bring to their job duties.

Challenge stressors have a _____ _____ relationship with job performance.

weak positive

Individual Management of stress

Exercise regularly, focus on enjoying what you do, develop and use planning skills, and avoid unnecessary competition

What are the three types of non work challenge stressors?

Family time demands, personal development, positive life events.

_______ is highly relevant during recessions or economic downturns.

Financial uncertainty

What are three examples of supportive practices?

Flextime, Telecommuting, and compressed workweeks

GAS

General Adaptation Syndrome. This suggests that the body has a set of responses that allow it to adapt and function effectively in the face of stressful demands. The three stages of GAS are alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion. Alarm reaction is the stressor sinks in and the body activates several defense mechanisms to resist and counteract the stressor. This makes the resistance to the stressor temporarily lowered. Resistance is increased arousal of the mind and body to help the person to respond and adapt to the demand. Exhaustion is the prolonged or repeated exposure to the stressor could cause the body to break down, and exhaustion, and death may occur.

How do organizations reduce stressors?

Give Sabaticals or job sharing

Sabbatical

Gives employees the opportunity to take time off of work or engage in an alternative activity. This is basically a leave of absence.

What did the devil wears Prada teach us?

Hathaway experienced role overload by the boss saying a million things for her to do. Role ambiguity was also shown when Hathaway was just thrown into the desk without any training.

What are the two types of stressors?

Hinderance Stressors and Challenge Stressors.

What are the two type of social support?

Instrumental support and emotional support

Benign Job Demands

Job demands that tend not to be appraised as stressful. This would be like getting dressed for work or eating. It doesn't stress people out.

What are the three types of strains that the people experience?

Physiological strains, Psychological strains, and behavioral strains.

What are the different types of work hinderance stressors?

Role conflict, role ambiguity, role overload, and daily hassles.

Hinderance Stressors

Stressful demands that people tend to perceive as hindering their progress toward personal accomplishment or goal accomplishment. This often trigger negative emotions such as anxiety or anger.

Challenge Stressors

Stressful demands that people tend to perceive as opportunities for learning, growth, and achievement. Although challenge stressors can be exhausting, they often trigger positive emotions such as pride and enthusiasm.

Stressors

The demands that cause people to experience stress

Strains

The negative consequences that occur when demands tax or exceed a persons capacity or resources

Negative Life events

These hinder the ability to achieve life goals and are associated with negative emotions. EX: This would be like the death of a spouse, divorce, jail term, or personal illness.

How do organizations reduce strains?

This can be done by relaxation techniques ( like deep breathing), Cognitive/ Behavioral technique(like repeatedly saying I can this after hearing about a stressful projects), and health and wellness programs (like company paying for employees to run a marathon.)

Physiological strains

This happens in the body. This would be things like illness, high blood pressure, back pain, and stomach aches.

Training Interventions

This is aimed at increasing job related competences and skills

Compressed workweek

This is like working M-T, but having longer workdays

Flextime

This is like you have to work X hours, but you choose when you work them like you can work 7-3

Job Sharing

This is when 2 people share the responsibilities of a single job. They also share the pay.

Psychological strains

This occurs in the mind. This would be things like depression, anxiety, anger, hostility, irritability, inability to think clearly, forgetfulness.

Positive Life Events

This would be like marriage, the addition of a new family member, and graduating from school.

What are the three types of work challenge stressors?

Time pressure, work complexity, and work responsibility.

What are the ways organizations provide resources?

Training Interventions and Supportive Practices

Secondary Appraisal

When people determine how to cope with the various stressors they face. "How can I cope?"

Transactional Theory of Stress

When people first encounter stressors, the process of primary appraisal is triggered. It occurs as people evaluate the significance and the meaning of the stressors they are confronting. First, consider a demand causes them to feel stressed, and if it does, they consider the implications of the stressor in terms of their personal goals and overall well being.

Type A Behavior Pattern

have a strong sense of time urgency, and tend to be impatient, hard driving, competitive, controlling, aggressive and even hostile. Type A behavior pattern may have a direct influence on the level of stressors that a person confronts. Type A behavior pattern influences the stress process itself. Type A behavior pattern is directly linked to coronary heart disease and other physiological, psychological, and behavioral strains.

Supportive Practices

help employees manage and balance the demands that exist in the different roles they have.

Organizational Management of stress

increase associate's autonomy and control, improve physical working conditions, design jobs so that they are meaningful and stimulating, increase associate involvement in decision making

Role Overload

occurs when a number of demanding roles a person holds is so high that the person cannot simply perform some or all of the roles effectively.

Personal Development

participation in formal education programs, music lessons, sports related training, hobby related self education, participation in local government, or volunteer work.

Family time Demands

refer to the time that a person commits to participate in an array of family activities and responsibilities. EX: family traveling, attending social events, hosting parties, and planning and making home improvements

Problem Focused Coping

refers to behaviors and cognitions intended to manage the stressful situation itself

Role Conflict

refers to conflicting expectations that other people may have of us. EX: the job of a call center operator, they are supposed to communicate with as many people as possible on the other end of the line over a given period of time. However, call center operators are also supposed to be responsive to the questions and concerns raised by the people they talk with. Because effectiveness in this aspect of the job may require a great deal of time, call center operators are put in a position in which they simply cannot meet both types of expectations.

Daily Hassles

refers to relatively minor day to day demands that get in the way of accomplishing things that we really want to accomplish. EX: having to deal with unnecessary paperwork, and office equipment malfunctions

Coping

refers to the behaviors and thoughts that people use to manage both the stressful demands they face and the emotions associated with with those stressful demands

Financial Uncertainty

refers to the conditions that create uncertainties with regard to the loss of livelihood, saving, or the ability to pay expenses.

Work Complexity

refers to the degree to which the requirements to work, in terms of knowledge, skills, and abilities, tax or exceed the capabilities of the person who is responsible for planning the work

Emotional Support

refers to the help people receive in addressing the emotional distress that accompanies stressful demands. EX: The supervisor of someone who is overloaded with work might provide emotional support by showing interest in the employee's situation and appearing to be understanding and sympathetic.

Instrumental support

refers to the help people receive that can be used to address the stressful demand directly. EX: if someone is overloaded with work, a coworker could provide instrumental support by taking over some of the work or by offering suggestions about how to do the work more efficiently.

Social Support

refers to the help that people receive when they are confronted with stressful demands

Work Responsibility

refers to the nature of the obligations that a person has toward others. Generally speaking, the level of responsibility in a job is higher when the number, scope, and importance of the obligations in that job are higher. EX. The level of work responsibility is very high for air traffic controllers, who are responible for tens of thousands of lives every day.

Cognitive Coping

refers to the thoughts that are involved in trying to deal with a stressful situation. EX: A person who is confronted with an increase in time pressure might cope by thinking about different ways of accomplishing the work more efficiently. AKA: mentally thinking of how to deal with stress

Emotion Focused Coping

refers to the various ways in which people manage their own emotional reactions to stressful demands.

Hindrance stressors have a _____ _____ relationship with organizational commitment.

strong negative. Hindrance stressors evoke strains, which are generally dissatisfying to people, and satisfaction has a strong impact on the degree to which people feel committed to their organization.

What is the most stressful negative life event?

the death of a spouse

Burnout

the emotional, mental, and physical exhaustion that results from having to cope with stressful demands on an ongoing basis.

Telecommuting

this is like working from home but answering the office phone at home

Behavioral Strains

unhealthy behaviors such as grinding ones teeth at night, being overly critical and bossy, excessive smoking, compulsive gum chewing, overuse of alcohol, and compulsive eating.

Presenteeism

When people who work at jobs filled with challenge stressors experience strains that result in illness (long term), but because they tend to be more satisfied, committed, and engaged with their jobs, they come to work anyway. This coming to work ill can led to a downhill spiral of impaired performance and employee health. It is proven that reductions in productivity that result from presenteeism are even larger than reductions in productivity that result from employee absenteeism.

What is the term regarding the amount of obligations a worker has regarding others?

Work responsibility

What are three types of non-work hinderance stressors?

Work-Family conflict, negative life events, and financial uncertainty

Stress

a psychological response to demands that possess certain stakes for a person and that tax or exceed the person's capacity or resources

Behavioral Coping

involves the set of physical activities that are used to deal with a stressful situation. EX: A person who is confronted with a lot of time pressure at work might chose to cope by working faster. AKA acting out on stress

According to the transactional theory of stress, what could be considered work hindrance stressors?

minor day to day interruptions in your schedule, and not receiving enough guidelines to complete tasks

What are the least stressful negative life event?

minor violations of the law

Challenge stressors have a ____ ____ relationship with organizational commitment.

moderate positive