Chapter 5: Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure

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Trabeculae

Parallel struts or thick, branching plates found in spongy bone; also known as spicules

Perforating canals

Passageways that extend roughly perpendicular to the bone surface, containing blood vessels

What is the function of intramembranous ossification?

Producing the bones of the skull and clavicle.

Description of central canals

Runs parallel to osteons, contains an artery, also called haversian canal, contains a vein

Lacunae

Small chambers occupied by osteocytes, sandwhiched between layers of calcified matrix

Sesamoid bone

Small round and flat, ex: patella

What does the spongy bone form?

This is the internal layer of spongy bone that surrounds the medullary (marrow).

In which classification of bones does the diploë exist?

in flat bones.

Spiral fracture

produced by twisting stresses that spread along the length of the bone.

Comminuted fracture

shatter the affected area into multiple bony fragments.

Composition of the bone: Collagen fibers

1/3 of the bone matrix = accounts for the bones tensile and strength

Composition of the bone: the matrix

2/3 calcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite crystals.

What is the periosteum around?

A connective tissue wrapping that is connected to the deep fascia .

Osteoporosis is prevalent in women after menopause. This is due to

A decrease in estrogen levels.

Osseous Tissue

A supporting connective tissue. Contains specialized cells and an extracellular matrix which consists of protein fibers and ground substances.

Diploe

This is spongy bone between two layers of compact bone

What happens second in appositional growth?

As bone matrix is being added, the result is the formation of circumferential lamellae to outer surface.

Pneumatized bones

Bones that are hallow or contain air pockets, ex: ethmoid bone

the deposition of calcium ions into the bone tissue.

Calcification

Osteoblasts

Calls that are cuboidal in shape, and which secrete the organic components of the bone matrix.

What happend to the cartilage of a fetus under 6 weeks after development?

Cartilage cells will be replaced by bone cells.

What is the percentage of cells in bone tissue?

Cells equate to about 2-3%

Osteoprogenitor cells

Cells that differentiate from mesenchyme and are found on the innermost layer of the periosteum, as well as in the endosteum lining medullary cavities.

Canaliculi

Channels that radiate through the matrix, containing fine cytoplasmic processes and ground substance.

Why is bone strong?

Collagen and hydroxyapatite crystals make the bone extremely strong.

What type of matrix does compact bone and spongy bone consist of?

Compact bone and spongy bone contain the same matrix composition but differ in 3 dimensional arrangement of osteocytes, canaliculi and lamellae.

What is another term for intramembranous ossification

Dermal ossificaiton

What can cause changes in bone because of exercise?

Due to increase in muscular development, bone changes occur because of the stress. Bigger muscles require different ridges and bumps that are larger in size.

During endochondral ossification, the lengthening of the bone shaft stops and is marked by which event(s)?

Epiphyseal cartilage production slows and osteoblast activity increases

Before 6 weeks of development, the skeleton is composed of?

Hyaline cartilage or mesenchyme.

Two types of ossification

Intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification

osteoclasts

Large, multinucleate cells that secrete acids through lysomal exocytosis

Lamellae

Layers of calcified matrix

Which of the following provides a good example of endochondral ossification?

Limb bones

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells.

Osteocytes

Mature bones cells that maintain and monitor the protein and mineral content of the surrounding matrix

The process where cartilage is replaced by bone cells.

Ossification

Which bone cell has a high metabollic rate?

Osteoblasts contain a high metabollic rate?

Which bone cell is completely surrounded by bone matrix?

Osteocytes are surrounded by matrix

What bone cells consist of a low metabollic rate?

Osteocytes contain a low metabollic rate

The formation of bone

Osteogenesis

What happens after circumferential lamellae are brought to the surface on bone?

Osteons are formed which allow the bone to continue enlarging.

Osteon

The basic functional unit of mature bone cell

What bones are developed during intramemranous ossification?

The clavicle, mandible, flat bone of skull, flat bones of face.

What happens first in appositional growth?

The inner layer of the periosteum differentiates to form osteoblasts and adds bone matrix to the surface.

What is developed during endochondral ossification?

The limbs, vertebrae and hips.

What structure is the functional structures for compact bone?

The osteon (hacersian)

What can the realignment of teeth cause?

The shape of the tooth sockets can be altered.

What are the two major bone tissues?

The two bone tissue major components are compact bone and spongy bone.

What type of cell are osteoprogenitor cells?

These cells are a type of stem cells.

What are osteocytes primarily doing?

These cells are always removing matrix and quickly releasing minerals. Another cell called osteoblast is quickly producing matrix that is quickly binding minerals.

Where are osteoblasts found?

These cells are found on the inner and outer surface of bones.

Where are osteoprogenitor cells found?

These cells are found on the innermost layer of periosteum and inner lining of the endosteum.

What type of cells are osteoblasts?

These cells are immature bone cells.

What layer are osteocytes in-between?

These cells are in between the matrix layer called lamellae.

What is the function of osteoprogenitor cells?

These cells are involved in repair of bones after a break.

What is the function of osteoclasts?

These cells are large multinucleated cells are responsible for removing old bone.

What type of cells are osteocytes?

These cells are mature bone cells.

What is the function of osteoblasts?

These cells are responsible for the production of new bone; osteogenesis.

What kind of cells can osteoprogenitor cells produce?

These cells can produce daughter cells that differentiate into osteoblasts.

What element do osteocyte cells release?

These cells cause a release of calcium from bone to blood.

Where do osteoclasts cells originate from?

These cells come from the same stem cells that produce monocytes and neutrophils.

Where do osteocytes reside in bone connective tissue?

These cells occupy small chambers (depressions) called lacunae, that are sandwhiche​​d between layers of calcified matrix.

What is produced by osteoblasts?

These cells secrete the organic components of the bone matrix called osteoid; which later become mineralized.

What is the job of the Osteocytes cells?

They maintain and monitor the protein and mineral conent ​of the surrounding matrix.

What is the consistency of spongy bone?

This bone forms an open network of struts and plates.

What does the compact bone form in the bone?

This bone forms the walls.

What is the consistency of compact bone?

This bone is relatively solid and dense.

Short bones

box like in appearance: carpal bones

Transverse fracture

break a bone shaft across its long axis

Which type of fracture occurs when an affected area is shattered into a multitude of bony fragments?

comminuted fracture

Irregular bones

complex shapes, ex: vertebra

Displaces fracture

nondisplaced fractures retain the normal alignment of the bones or fragments.

Pott's fracture

occurs at the ankle and affects both bones of the leg

Colles fracture

usally in the distal portion of a limb, typically a result of reaching out to cushion a fall

Compression fracture

vertebrae being subject to extreme stresses


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