Chapter 5

Stimuli

-An environmental condition that elicits a response -in the case of conditioning reflexes are unlearned but can be evoked.

conditioned response Example

-in response to the tone in pav low experiment because the tone had been paired with the meat powder. Meat powder on the dogs tongue the dog began to salivate

conditioning

-in the example of the dogs they began to salivate at the sound of the clanging of the trays because they associated it with the food being brought to them in the past. - as soon as the assistant would enter the room the dogs would salivate because of the association with being feed.

classical conditioning approach

-involves ways in which we learn to associate events with other events -learning the meanings of symbols because they have been associated with other events

conditional reflexes Aka Conditioned responses

-neutral stimulus ( clanging of the food tray) -stimulus( the food) -targeted response ( the salivation)

Role of discrimination in classical conditioning

1.Organisms must learn that many stimuli perceive as being similar are functionally different 2.they must respond adaptively to each

Higher order conditioning

A classical conditioning procedure in which a previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit the response for fourth by conditioned stimulus by being cared repeatedly with that condition stimulus example-touching the hot stove and tickling the infants foot are examples of higher order Conditioning

Extinction

An experiment procedure in which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that had followed that stimuli no longer occur.

Generalization

And conditioning the tendency for a conditioned response to be able to stimuli that are similar to a stimulus to which the response was conditioned

Discrimination

And conditioning the tendency for an organism to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli not forecasting unconditioned stimulus

Role of generalization in classical conditioning

Generalization is adaptive for animals and is the tendency for conditioned response to be involved by stimuli that are similar to the stimulus to which the response was conditioned -example getting the dogs to salivate when it was shown Circle then later the dog salivating a response to be shown close geometric figures even squares. The closer the figure resembled a circle the grade of the strength of the response

example of cognitive learning

Letter grade A -> to F Red Light means Stop -> green light means go.

Higher order conditioning examples

Previously neutral stimulus (hearing the word stove or seeing an adult who does the tickling enter a room) comes to serve as a learned or condition stimulus after being paired repeatedly with the stimulus is it already become a learned and conditioned stimulus (example seen the stove and hearing the phrase kitchie coo. )

Survival of the fittest

Spontaneous recovery helps organisms adapt to situations that reoccur from time to time

Spontaneous recovery

The reoccurrence of and extinguish response as a function of the passage of time (pavlov's dog experiment allow a day or two to pass after extinguishing salivation responsive tone.would dogs respond to the tone two days after ? Yes! ) -extinguished conditioned response as a function of passage of time

cognitive psychologist approach to learning

a mental change that may or may not be associated with changes in behavior. they may affect but do NOT directly cause changes in behavior.

unconditioned response

a natural response elicited by a stimulus without learning or conditioning -example salivation to the meat powder

conditioned stimulus

a previously neutral stimulus that, after repeated association with an unconditioned stimulus shows a response elicited by the unconditioned stimulus. - Example= the tone that was once just a orienting reflex now after being paired with the meat powder has become a reaction for the salivation of the dog.

conditioned response

a response that is associated with a previously unrelated stimulus as a result of pairing the stimulus with another stimulus that normally elicits the response. -example =salivation to the sound of the tone which was once just a tone.

unconditioned stimulus

a stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response -example the meat powder

orienting reflex

an unlearned response which an organism attends to a stimulus -example=the tone at first being meaningless not being associated with food.

Behaviorist approach to learning

believe that people partake in events because they are rewarded or reinforced for there actions in similar events.

Role of extinction in classical conditioning

enters the picture when times and the relationships between events change and organism needs to adapt to change -example- moving to new neighborhood where parents no longer drive to work but now take public transportation. so the sound of the car arriving in the drive way no longer comes from the parents arriving hoe which previously stimulated the excitement in the child

classical conditioning

form of learning where a neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response usually evoked by another stimulus by being paired repeatedly with the other stimulus -Anticipate events from something familar

form of learning for classical

involuntary automatic learning

learning

is relatively permanent change in behavior that arises from practice or experience

ivan pavlow

made a great contribution to learning by accident with the dogs and the meat powder salivating test response to stimuli.

cognitive belief

people choose whether or not to imitate the aggressive and other behaviors they observe, and that people are most likely to imitate behaviors that are consistent with their values. -they view classical conditioning as the learning of relationships among events

classical conditioning examples

taste aversion the popcorn example referring a experience to something in the paste sickness and the punishment of feeling to sick to not wanting to eat popcorn ever again. -ucs(uncondtioned stimulus) nausea -CS(conditioned stimulus) flavor of food

classical conditioning and extinction

the process by which conditioned stimulus(car arriving) lose the ability to elicit conditioned responses, because the conditioned stimulus are no longer associated with unconditioned stimulus.(excited) -in pavlows experiment with the dogs the tone (conditioned stimulus ) without the (unconditioned stimulus) meat powder led to extinction of the (conditioned response) salivation in response to the tone. (C.S)

Taste adversion testing

the two groups of mice Rats 1 poisoned Rats 2 electric shock !!!1: sweetened water 1:sweetened water 2:light !! 2:light 3:clicker !!3:clicker Makes sense poison and bad tasting water and electric shock to lighting and racking branches