Chapter 5
What happens during N1 sleep? What do people awoken in N1 sleep usually say?
Muscle tone is lost, as well as most awareness of the environment. That they weren't asleep.
What happens during N2 sleep? N2 sleep takes up approximately __% of total sleep time.
Muscular activity is further decreased and conscious awareness of the environment is lost. 50%
What brain waves are associated with REM sleep? Describe them.
No specific name, "fast, random" waves. Less deep, between sleep spindles (N2) and delta waves (N3) in speed.
Holy hell that last card sucks
Probably unnecessary, just look at the damn figure. Stressing it a lot because she spent a long time on it in class.
What stage of sleep is dreaming associated with?
Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep
Biological rhythms (examples)
Regularly occurring cycles of behaviors caused by biological factors. Annual cycle guiding the migration of birds Annual cycle guiding the migration of bears 28 day cycle guiding menstruation circadian rhythm
Circadian rhythm
The biological cycle that guides the daily waking and sleeping of animals.
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
The body's primary circadian "pacemaker" Receives signals from the retina, analyzes strength and duration of light stimuli and sends signals to the pineal gland when light levels are low, causing the secretion of melatonin.
What is dualism? How does this contrast to what psychologists believe?
The idea that the mind, a non-material entity, is separate from (although connected to) the human body. Psychologists believe that consciousness (and thus the mind) exists in the brain, not separate from it.
Consciousness
The subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment.
What brain waves are associated with N1 sleep? Describe them.
Theta waves Slower/longer than alpha waves, distinct waves start to become visible.
Describe the typical progression through sleep stages overnight.
This is kinda confusing, for clarification look at Fig. 5.4 on page 135. In summary: Deep sleep (N3), short REM, deep sleep, slightly longer REM, (N1-N2 middle sleep followed by even longer REM), repeat portion in parentheses until wake. Or, more specific: Sleep begins with a quick progression as follows: awake-drowsy-N1-N2-N3. Then: Begin with a long period of N3. After approximately one hour, jump to N2 for a short amount of time (5 mins), then N1 for a short amount of time (5 mins), then about 20 minutes of REM sleep. Approximately 1 hour of fluctuating between N1 and N3 (spending most of it in deep sleep) follows. From this point on deep N3 sleep is no longer conducted, and sleep fluctuates between REM and N2 for one cycle, then REM and N1 for the remainder of the night, with REM sections becoming longer as time goes on.
What brain waves are associated with N2 sleep? Describe them.
"sleep spindles" Slower/longer than theta waves, distinct waves visible
What brain waves are associated with an awake, alert person? Describe them.
Beta waves Very fast, jagged. Distinct waves cannot be made out.
What happens during N3 sleep?
Deepest level of sleep where sleep abnormalities occur. Lowest levels of consciousness, however still somewhat aware of the outside world (could react to a fire, crying baby, etc...)
What brain waves are associated with N3 sleep? Describe them.
Delta Waves Deep, very slow waves.
The menstrual cycle is an example of a _________ rhythm. The sleep-wake cycle is an example of a ___________ rhythm
biological; biological and a circadian
What is the activation-synthesis theory of dreaming?
Dreams are the brain's interpretation of the random firing of neurons in the brain stem. Signals from the brain stem are sent to the cortex just like when we're awake, but because of sleep paralysis the brain does not know how to handle these signals and as a result the cortex attempts to string the signals into coherent messages.
Conscious memory is also called _____ memory.
Explicit
What are some of the theories on dreaming?
Freud theorized that their function was for wish fulfillment; the minds way of acting out desires that we must repress during the day. It is also thought that we dream to help with consolidation (the moving of information into long-term memory) Supported by research that rats deprived of REM sleep were less able to learn new information/behaviors. Connecting this to content, it is thought that the content of dreams is the information that is being moved to long-term memory to assist in learning about that info while we sleep.
Dreaming is essential because if we are deprived of REM sleep, we _____.
quickly become less able to ingage in important tasks in life (learning, social interaction, etc...), and we regain these abilities quickly once we dream again.
Unconscious memory is also called _____ memory.
Implicit
Researchers have distinguished 6 wave patterns normally seen in human electroencephalograms. List and describe the wave patterns and discuss their significance
1. Delta waves have the highest amplitude and lowest frequency. They are normally seen in babies and sleeping adults. 2. Theta waves have a slightly higher frequency than delta waves. They are normally seen in young children. Theta waves are also associated with relaxed, meditative, and creative states, or during drowsiness or arousal in older children and adults. 3. The frequency of Alpha waves ranges from 8 Hz to 12 Hz; faster than theta waves. Alpha waves are seen when the eyes are closed and the subject is relaxed. They are attenuated when the eyes open, when the subject exerts himself mentally, or during sensorimotor tasks. 4. Beta waves occur at a frequency range of between 12 Hz and 30 Hz. Beta activity is associated with motor behavior. Low amplitude, multi-frequency beta patterns are associated with alert, busy, or anxious thinking, and active concentration. 5. Gamma waves occur at a frequency range of between 30 and 100 Hz. These are the most rapid EEG wave patterns. Gamma rhythms may be caused by networks of neurons executing cognitive or motor function. 6. Mu waves range from 8 to 13 Hz. They are thought to be caused by synchronous firing of resting motor neurons, and are sometimes seen in conjunction with alpha waves when the body is at rest.
REM sleep accounts for approximately __% of our total sleep time?
25
Our first period of REM sleep occurs approximately __ minutes after falling asleep.
90
The circadian rhythm involves ___ minute cycles between ____ and ____. Deeper sleep occurs _____.
90 Rem and non-rem earlier in the night
non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep
A deep sleep, characterized by very slow brain waves, which is further subdivided into three substages, labeled as stages N1, N2, and N3.
Narcolepsy
A sleep disorder characterized by extreme daytime sleepiness with frequent episodes of "nodding off".
Sleep Apnea
A sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing that last at least 10 seconds during sleep.
bruxism
A sleep disorder in which the patient grinds their teeth during sleep.
Insomnia
A sleep disorder that involves persistent difficulty falling or staying asleep.
What brain waves are associated with a drowsy, relaxed person? Describe them.
Alpha waves Slightly longer than beta waves, still quite jagged. distinct waves still cannot be made out.
Describe the research by Susan Fiske and her colleagues.
This research has shown two things. First, people have an emotional response to members of stereotyped groups that tend to range on two dimensions: warmth and competence. Those dimensions define four general emotional patterns: pride (high warmth, high competence), envy (low warmth, high competence), pity (high warmth, low competence) and disgust (low warmth, low competence). This was confirmed by fMRI, by showing photos of socially distinct individuals and then examining the pattern of brain activation. Second, regardless of the culture, there are groups that only evoke disgust. When this is the case, there is often no brain activation in the medial prefrontal cortext (mPFC), which has been shown to be important for person perception. In other words, our brains may not "light up" and recognize such people (like the homeless) as even human.
